Exam Prep – Chemistry – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| What is the symbol for compressed gas? |
[image] A circle with a tude like item inside. |
| What is the symbol for flammable or combustible material? |
[image] A circle witha flame inside. |
| What is the symbol for oxidizing material? |
[image] A circle with a flame around a circle inside. |
| What is the symbol for poisonous (infectious) material causing immediate and serious toxic effects? |
[image] A circle with a skull and cross bones inside. |
| What is the symbol for poisonous (infectious) materials that cause others toxic effects? |
[image] A circle with a T-like exclamation mark inside. |
| What is the symbol for biohazardous material? |
[image] A circle with a 3 figured symbol. |
| What is the symbol for corrosive material? |
[image] A circle with a test tude spilling on a item and a hand, burning them |
| What is the symbol for dangerous reative material? |
[image] A circle with a shinning R inside. |
What are the risks for compressed gas? [image] |
| Contents are under high pressure Could explode if heated or dropped |
What are the risks for flammable materials? [image] |
Catches fire easily May ignite without warning |
What are the risks for oxidizing material? [image] |
Maybe cause combustible material to explode Increases fire hazards |
What are the risks for poisonous materials causing immediate toxic effects? [image] |
| May be fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through skin |
What are the ricks of poisonous material causing others toxic effects? [image] |
| May cause death, permanent injury, or cancer |
What are the risks of biohazardous material? [image] |
| Contains livng organisms that can cause harm (viruses, bacteria, parasites, etc.) |
What are the symbols for corrosive materials? [image] |
Causes eye and skin irritation on contact Severe burns after long period of contact |
What are the risks of reactive materials? [image] |
May react violently with water May explode if exposed to heat or shock |
What are the precautions of compressed gas? [image] |
Keep away from heat Store it safely (not on a high shelf where it could fall) |
What are the precautions of flammable material? [image] |
Keep away from anything can catch fire Store in a safe place, away from flame sources
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What are the precautions of oxidizing materials? [image] |
Keep away from combustible materials
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What are the precautions of poisonous materials causing immediate toxic effects? [image] |
Don't taste or smell it Don't get it on you |
What are the precautions of posionous material that causes others toxic effects? [image] |
Keep in a special place Use only if extremely necessary Take every precaution
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What are the precautions of biohazardous materials? [image] |
Don't let loose Keep it contained Keep in protected areas |
What are the precautions of corrosive materials? [image] |
Wear all safety material (goggles, gloves, suit) Wash immediatly if you get in on you |
What are the precautions of dangerously reactive materials? [image] |
Keep away from water and heat Dont drop it |
What is the symbol for explosive material? (hazardous household products) |
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What is the symbol for corrosive? (hazardous household products) |
| [image] |
What is the symbol for flammable material? (hazardous household products) |
| [image] |
What is the symbol for poison? (hazardous household products) |
| [image] |
What is the danger of explosive material? (hazardous household products) [image] |
Can explode if heated or punctured Flying pieces of metal or plastic can cause serious injuries |
What is the danger of corrosive materials? (hazardous household products) [image] |
| Can burn skin or eyes on contact or throat and stomach if swallowed |
What is the danger of flammable materials? (hazardous household products) [image] |
| The product and its fumes can catch fire easily if its near heat, flames or sparks |
What is the danger of poisonous materials? (hazardous household products) [image] |
| Licking, eating, drinking, or sometimes even smelling this product can cause illness or death |
What is the precaution for explosive materials? (hazardous household products) [image] |
Keep away from heat Dont drop |
What are the precautions of corrosive materials? (hazardous household products) [image] |
Don't touch directly with skin Wear gloves Don't smell or taste that chemical |
What are the precautions of flammable material? (hazardous household products) [image] |
| Keep away from fire, lighters, matches or anything that can start a fire |
What are the precautions of poisonous material? (hazardous household products) [image] |
| Don't drink, taste, eat or anything of that sort |
| What symbol means the container is dangerous? |
| [image] |
| What symbol means the contents inside the container are dangerous? |
| [image] |
| What is chemistry? |
| Chemistry is the study fo the properties of matter as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions |
| What is matter? |
Matter is anything that has mass and volume (has weight and takes up space)
All matter has physical and chemical properties |
Which one is a graduated cylinder? [image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the Beaker Tongs? [image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the Pestle Mortar?
[image] [image] [image]
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Which one is the Erlenmeyer Flask? [image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the stirring rod? [image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the scoopula? [image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the test tube? [image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the rubber stopper?
[image] [image] [image] |
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Which one is the striker? [image] [image] [image] |
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How is the graduated cylinder used? [image] |
| Accurately measures the volume of liquids in mL |
How are the Beaker tongs used? [image] |
| "Lobster-claw" end used to hold and move hot beakers |
How is the Pestle Mortar used? [image] |
| Crushes, grinds, and mixes |
How is the erlenmeyer flask used? [image] |
| Has a wide stable base; used to hold and mix chemicals |
How is a stirring rod used? [image] |
| Used for stirring |
How is a scoopula used? [image] |
| Scoopes and transfers chemicals |
How is a test tube used? [image] |
| Small glass container used to hold chemicals |
How is a rubber stopper used? [image] |
| Seals the openings of glass containers |
How is a striker used? [image] |
| Produces a spark when flint is rubbed aganist rough steel |
| What is combustion? |
| When a substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and releases energy |
| What are the 3 parts of the fire triangle? |
[image] oxygen, fuel, heat |
| How are fossil fuels formed? |
They are formed from decomposing plants, animals and microorganisms that lived many years ago. The energy in their cells still remains 'locked up'; fossil fuels |
| Why are fossil fuels so important? |
Because human technology depends on them. They power homes, industries, and various means of transportation. |
| What are hydrocarbons? |
| They are particles made when fossil fuels are burned; releasing carbon dioxide which reacts with water vapor, making hydrocarbons |
| Define a reactant |
| Reactants are what things that are put together; react with one another |
| Define a product |
| Products are the resulting substancs from a reactant. |
| What are the reactants and products for the combustion of fossil fuels? |
The reactants are carbon dioxide and water vapor. The products are hydrocarbons. |
| What is the word equation for the combuston of a hydrocarbon? |
| hydrocarbon + oxygen -> cabon dioxide + water |
| There are two other products that may be produced from combustion when conditions are not ideal. What are these two products? |
| The two products that may be produced from combustion when conditions are not ideal are carbon monoxide and carbon. |
| Why are extra products formed? |
| Because there isn't enough heat or oxygen |
| What is the greenhouse effect? |
The greenhouse effect is when heat is trapped into a space, the sun can come through but heat cant get out. Carbon dioxide gas produced by combustion in industry and automobile engines increase the greenhouse effect. |
| Define a chemical symbol |
A chemical symbol is an abbreviation od the name of an element. The abbreviation however, may not be of the English language. |
| What is the symbol for hydrogen? |
| H |
| What is the symbol for helium? |
| He |
| What is the symbol for lithium? |
| Li |
| What is the symbol for berylium? |
| Be |
| What is the symbol for boron? |
| B |
| What is the symbol for carbon? |
| C |
| What is the symbol for nitrogen? |
| N |
| What is the symbol for oxygen? |
| O |
| What is the symbol for fluorine? |
| F |
| What is the symbol for neon? |
| Ne |
| What is the symbol for sodium? |
| Na |
| What is the symbol for magnesium? |
| Mg |
| What is the symbol for aluminum? |
| Al |
| What is the symbol for silicon? |
| Si |
| What is the symbol for phosphorus? |
| P |
| What is the symbol for sulfur? |
| S |
| What is the symbol for chlorine? |
| Cl |
| What is the symbol for argon? |
| Ar |
| What is the symbol for potassium? |
| K |
| What is the symbol for calcuim? |
| Ca |
Matter is anything that has: ; -mass and energy - volume and energy - mass and volume - energy |
| mass and volume |
Aluminum can be bent into various shapes. This statement describes which property? ; - density - ductility - malleability - viscosity |
| malleability |
Which of the following properties of magnesium is a physical property? ; - magnesium burns in air with a brilliant white flame - magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to produce gas - magnesium is shiny - magnesium combines with nitrogen to form a black powder |
| magnesium is shiny |
Which of the following properties is a chemical property? ; - hydrogen reacts explosively with oxygen - mercury is liquid at room temperature - tin is malleable - the density of gold is 19.3g/cm3 |
| Hydrogen reacts explosively with oxygen |
Which of the following clues is NOT a clue of a chemical change? ; - change of state - change of color - bubbes form - precipitate forms |
| change of state |
What kind of change is this (physical or chemical) and what is the evidence? ; Burning Coal |
Chemical Change ; heat or light given off |
What kind of change is this (physical or chemical) and what is the evidence? ; Rolling up the rim on a coffee cup |
Physical Change ; Change of form |
What kind of change is this (physical or chemical) and what is the evidence? ; Baking Bread |
Chemical Change ; Change of color |
What kind of change is this (physical or chemical) and what is the evidence? ; Water vapor in the air turns to frost |
Physical Change ; Change of state |
What kind of change is this (physical or chemical) and what is the evidence? ; Chocolate is melted |
Physical Change ; Change of state |
| Whats the analogy of John Dalton's theory? |
| Billard Balls |
| What is the analogy for J.J. Thomson's theory? |
| Chocolate Chip Muffin |
| What is the analogy for Ernest Rutherford's theory? |
| Beehive Model |
| What is the analogy for Neils Bohr's theory? |
| Planetary Model |
| Matter is made of indivisible atoms -- is a part of who's theory? |
| John Dalton |
| Atom is a positive sphere with embedded negative electrons -- is a part of who's theory? |
| J.J. Thomson |
| Atom has a small positive nucleus (with positive protons), which is surrounded by mostly empty space and rapidly moving electrons -- is a part of who's theory? |
| Ernest Rutherford |
| Electrons move around nucleus in orbits -- is a part of who's theory? |
| Niels Bohr |
| Each element has it's own kind of atom with its own particular mass -- is a part of who's theory? |
| John Dalton |
| When an atom loses or gains electrons, it becomes charged and is called a ___ |
| Ion |
| When an atom loses electrons -> ion has a ________ charge |
| Positive |
| When an atom gains electrons -> ion has a _______ charge |
| Negative |
| Define a model |
| A representation of something |
In models of molecules:
- atoms are held together by connections called _______ - atoms are represented by ______ _______ |
- bonds - colored spheres
|
Molecules can also be represented by drawings called _________
- each atom is represented by its _______ - each bond is represented by a ________ ____ |
- structural diagrams - symbol - straight line |
| Define a physical property |
A physical property is a characteristic or description of a substance that may help to identify it.
A physical property does not involve a substance becoming a new substance |
| What are the five physical properties? |
- color - texture - odour - lustre - clarity - taste |
| Define malleablity |
Malleability is the ability for material to be hammered into thin sheets or bent into different shapes
Example: aluminum foli |
| Define ductility |
Ductility is the ability for a material to be drawn out into a long, thin wires.
Example: copper |
| Define solubility |
Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent such as water
Example: salt |
| Ice melts at __ degrees celcius |
| 0 |
| Water boils and turns from a liquid to a vapor at __ degrees celcius |
| 100 |
| Define alloy |
| Many mixtures of metal |
| If two substances are mixed, the own with the _____ density will stay on top or float |
| Lower |
| Examples of change of state: |
- melting (solid -> liquid) - evaporation (liquid -> gas) - boiling (liquid -> gas) - freezing (lquid -> sold) - condensation (gas -> liquid) - sublimation (gas -> sold/solid -> gas) |
| Examples of change in form: |
- blowing up a ballon - cutting an apple |
| Examples of dissolving: |
| - when sugar dissolves in water, the sugar particles are still there |
| Physical Changes |
- substance changes without becoming anything new - often easy to reverse |
| Chemical Changes: |
- always causes at least one new substance with new properties to be formed - difficult to reverse |
| Examples of chemical changes: |
- burning paper - rusting on nails |
| Define ecology |
| Ecology is the study of the interaction of living things with each other and with the ABIOTIC factors in their enviroment |
| _____ factors refer to the non-living parts of an ecosystem |
| Abiotic |
| Non-living things |
| Abiotic |
| Living things |
| Biotic |
| ______ factors refer to the living parts of an ecosystem as well as the interactions among the living things |
| Biotic |
Temperature is an example of:
biotic or abiotic? |
| abiotic |
Sunlight is an example of:
biotic or abiotic? |
| abiotic |
| Biotic organisms have two categories: |
| producers and organisms |
| Examples of biotic producers: |
- plants - algae |
| Examples of biotic comsumers: |
- carnivore - harbivore - scavenger - decomposer |
| Define sustainability |
| Sustainibility is an enviroment means that populations of plants, animals, and other living organisms can continue to interact and to reproduce indefinitly |
| Levels of Ecological Organizations: |
- Biosphere - Biome - Ecosystem - Community - Population - Individual |
| Define Biosphere |
| the surface of the planet where living things exist |
| Biosphere is made of 3 parts: |
- atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding the earth - lithosphere: earths solid outer layer - hydrosphere: all water on earth |
| Define Biome |
| A large geographic area that contains similar ecosystems due to a distinct climate and similar biotic and abiotic factors |
| Define Ecosystem |
interaction of the community with local abiotic factors: - temperature - sunlight - wind - oxygen |
| Define community |
populations of different species that live and interact in a certain area
Example: rock bass, seaweed, frogs, trout, and turtles |
| Define population |
a group of organisms from all the same species that live within a certain area
species: a group of organisms that can mate with eachother and produce fertile offspring |
| Define individual |
A unique organism
Example: one rock bass |
| What provides the energy to all food webs? |
| Sun |
| Why are producers so important? |
| Because they produce food for everything else |
| Define a food web |
| A diagram that shows the interlocking food chains in an ecosystem |
| Define a producer |
An organism that makes its own food by the process of photosynthesis
Example: plants |
| Define a consumer: |
An organism that eats other organisms in a food chain. They can't make their own food.
Example: Snake, fox |
| Define a primary consumer: |
| a organism that eats only producers |
| Define a secondary consumer: |
| a organism that eats a primary consumer |
| Define a herbivore: |
An animal that feeds on plants Herbivores are primary consumers |
| Define a carnivore: |
An animal that fees on another
Example: Owl -> top carnivore else preys on it |
| Define an omnivore: |
An organism that feeds on both animals and plants
Example: mice |
| Define a scavenger: |
| a carnivore that needs on the remains of dead animals |
| Define decomposers or detritivores: |
on organism, often a bacteruim or fungus, that feeds on an breaks down dead plant or animal matter. They get nutrients for their own use, but they also recieve nutrients back into soil and water (recyclers)
detritus is waste from plants and animals including their dead remains |
| Define bioaccumulation |
| when an indiviual continues to eat food contaminated with the toxin, it will accumulate in the body |
| Define biomagnification |
| the toxin becomes more and more concentrated in each link in the food chain as an animal eats many contaminated animals |
| algae absorbs tiny amounts of mercury from the water, overtime mercury builds up in their tissues -- is an example of what? |
| Bioaccumulation |
| Predatory fish, like salmon or trout, eat other fish with a toxin and it gets more and more concentrated in the salmon or trout -- this is an example of ________ |
| Biomagnification |
| Carbon can be found in the atmosphere and dissolved in the oceans as part of the ______ ________ molecule |
| Carbon dioxide |
| Plants use energy from the ___ to combine ________ ________ and _____ to produce ______ (a type of sugar) |
sun carbon dioxide water glucose |
| PLants use a green pigment called _________ to carry out photosynthesis |
| chlorophyll |
| Equation for photosynthesis: |
| carbon dioxide + light energy + water -> glucose + oxygen |
| Plants and animals require energy to perform functions such as ______ ____ __ ____ ______ and ____________ |
growth repair of damage tissue reproduction |
| Equation for cellular respiration: |
| glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water +energy |
| Because carbon is cycled through both processes, the relationship is often called _____ ______ |
| Carbon Cycle |
| 4 main reservoirs for carbon: |
- in the atmosphere - in bodies of living things - in the earth's crust - oceans |
Three ways that carbon dioxide is released into the air:
- burning fossi fuels - volcanoes - cellular respiration |
Carbon dioxide is taken out of the atomosphere by:
|
- photosynthesis - dissolving in oceans - forming carbonate |
| _______ are the type of organisms that are capable of doing photosynthesis |
| Producers |
| The biomes of canada are: |
- tundra - boreal forest (tagia) - temperate deciduous - grassland |
| Where is the tundra biome located in Canada? |
| Northern Canada |
| Where is the Boreal Forest (Taiga) located in Canada? |
| Just below the Tundra Biome |
| Where is the Temperate Deciduous biome located in Canada? |
| Southern Ontario |
| Where is the Grassland biome located in Canada? |
| The prarie of North America |
| Define carrying capacity |
| The maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support |
| Define extirpated |
| A species that no longer exists in Canada, but still occurs elsewhere |
| Define endangered |
| A species that faces extinction or extirpation |
| Define threatened |
| A species that may become endangered if limiting factors are not reversed |
| Define speical concern |
| A species that has characteristics that make it sensitive to human activities or natural events |
| Define extinct |
| a species that no longer exists |
| Define predation |
| occurs when one organism eats another organism to obtain food |
Prey: Predator: |
is the organism that is eaten is the organism that eats |
| Define symbiosis: |
| A close interaction between two different species in which members of one species lives in, on, or near members of the other species |
| 3 types of symbiotic relationship: |
- mutualism - commerisalism - parasitism |
| Define mutualism: |
| occurs when both species benefit from the relationship |
| Define commerisalism: |
| occurs when one species benefits from the relationship while the other species neither benefits nor is harmed |
| Define parasitism: |
| one species benefits and the other is harmed |
| Define competition: |
| is the interaction between two or more organisms competing for the same resources in a given habitat |
| Define denitrification |
| denitrification is the proces which converts nitrates back to atmospheric nitrogen gas. This process is done by denitrifying bacteria. |
| Define nitrogen fixation |
| Nitrogen fixation is the process which converts atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates. |
| Nitrogen fixation can happen in 2 ways: |
- lightning - bacteria |
| Lightning (nitrogen fixation) |
lightning accounts for only about 1% of the world's nitrogen fixation (it only fixes a small amount of nitrogen into nitrates)
Energy from lightning causes nitrogen and oxygen in the atmosphere to react, producing nitrates |
| Bacteria (nitrogen fixation) |
nitrogen-fixation are capable of converting nitrogen gas into ammonia
Ammonia is not useful to most plants. Bacteria called nitrifying bacteria converts this ammonia into nitrites, and then into nitrates (which plants can use!) |
| What is another name for rust? |
| iron oxide |
| What two reactants are needed for corrosion to occur? |
- iron - oxygen |
| Which metal forms rust when it corrodes? |
| Iron |
| What are two ways you could protect a metal from corrosion? |
- paint the item - coating with other metals |
| What are the three parts of the fire triangle? |
| oxygen, heat, fuel |
| When a hydrocarbon (fossil fuel) burns, what products are always produced? |
| carbon dioxide & water vapor |
| What are two products that sometimes can be produced during combustion? |
| Carbon monoxide & carbon |
| What are the five points of the particle theory? |
1. all matter is made up of extremely tiny particles 2. each pure substance has its own kind of particle, different from the particles of other pure substances 3. particles attract eachother 4. particles are in constant movement 5. particles at a higher temperature are moving faster than particles at a lower temperature |
| When a substance is heated, what happens to the speed of the particles according to the particle theory? |
| they move faster; more energy |
| When a gas condenses to a liquid, what happens to the attractive forces between particles? |
| gets stronger |
| When a liquid evaporates, what happens to the space between particles? |
| gets larger |
| Define an insulator |
Materials that don't allow electrons to move freely from atom to atom
Example: plastic |
| Define a conductor |
Materials that allow charges to move freely.
When a conductor is charged, the charge spreads out evenly throughout the conductor |
| When a object becomes discharged, it loses its excess charges and becomes _____ |
| neutral |
| Grounding can be used to remove excess electrons from a negative object (electrons move from ________ _____ into _________), or add electrons to a positive object (electrons move from ________ into ________ _______) |
- charged objects - the ground - the ground - charged objects |
| How do the clouds become charged? |
| Negative water droplets gather at bottom cloud |
| What are the benefits of lightning? |
1. Produces nitrates which help plants grow 2. Produces ozone (ozone layer) |
| Solubility describes the ability of a substance to ______ in a solvent |
| Dissolve |
| If a substance burns when its exposed to a flame, it is said to be _________ |
| Flammable |
| Copper does not change into something new when it conduct electricity; this means that the ability to conduct electricity is a _______ property of copper |
| Physical |
| The temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid is called the ____________ |
| Melting point |
| 4 ways to produce static electic charge: |
- charging by friction - charging by contact - induced charge seperation - charging by induction
|
| Charging by friction produces _______ (same/opposite) charges |
| Opposite |
| Charging by contact produces ________ (same/opposite) charges |
| Same |
| Charging by induction produces _____ (same/opposite) charges |
| Opposites |
| To charge an object by contact you ______ |
| Touch charged and neutral objects |
| To charge an object by induction you _________ |
| bring charged object near the neutral object |
| To charge by friction you ____________ |
| Rub them together |
Electrons will not travel freely through which of the following? a) copper b) salt water c) silver d) wood |
| d) wood |
When a negative ion is formed, an atom must a) lose an electron b) lose a proton c) gain an electron d) gain a proton |
| c) gain an electron |
When an object is charged by contact which subatomic particles move? a) electrons b) neutrons c) protons d) electrons or protons, depending on the charge |
| a) electrons |
| What is the function of the source in a simple circuit? |
| Converts chemical energy into electrical energy |
| Electric current is the _____ of electric charges that ____ a given point in a circuit every second |
- number - pass |
| Voltage is the amount of _____________ an electron gains or loses between two points in a circut |
| electric energy |
| A voltmeter is connected across a source or load to measure the energy _____ or _____ |
- gained - lost |
| Periodic Table regions: |
- Aikali metals - metals - metaloids - noble gases - halogens - non-metals |
| To measure large distances in the solar system, astronomers sometimes use a distance measurement called the ___________________ |
| Astronomical unit (a.u) |
| An astronomical unit (a.u.) is equal to the distance between ____ and ____ |
- earth - sun |
| Define a star |
| a large ball of hot gas that emits huge amounts of enegry |
| Define a light year |
| the distance that light travels in one year |
| a relatively cool star glows ___ |
| red |
| a very hot star glows _____ |
| blueish - white or even blue |
| A small star is called a _____ |
| Dwarf |
| A large star is called a ______ |
| Super giant |
Apparent magnitude refers to the _________________________________ __________________________________ |
| brightness of the star as it appears to us from the earth |
Absolute magnitude refers to _________________________________ _________________________________ |
| the actual amount of light given off by a star at a standard distance |
| Planets revolve around the sun in paths called _____ |
| orbits |
