Exam Activity 4 – Flashcards
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For lower-class white males, educational attainment is ............ to occupation and income
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moderately related
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....... refers to the practice of marrying individuals whose educational levels are similar to one's own
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Educational Homogamy
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Prosperous and white children are .......... as poor or minority children to attend private schools.
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two times as likely
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What is the national average, based on 2007 census data, spent per pupil in the US to educate elementary and secondary students?
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slightly more than $9,500
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Which of the following life outcomes for Sylvia is more likely than the others because she failed to complete high school? a. get a college degree b. have a full-time job c. get married d. stay unmarried
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stay unmarried
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There is ...... systematic research showing students learn better from digital systems that from teachers.
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no
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What does allocation theory suggest about education?
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that education moves people along different routes that influence how much they earn
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What is the most common reason that parents choose to home-school their children?
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to provide moral and religious instruction
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How did US students rank in comparison with other students of the world on the international student assessment tests in 2009?
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better than average in reading and science worse than average in math
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Where is tracking a particularly widespread practice?
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In large, diverse school system and in schools serving primarily lower-class students
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Men with some high school education earn ....... than their female counterparts, while men with master's degrees earn ....... with similar education.
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62% more; 41% more
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What do sociologists mean when they refer to the hidden curriculum of schools?
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unstated standards of behavior or teachers' expectations
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Highly selective colleges and universities appear to be ...... total online instruction than less selective universities
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relying less on
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What type of activity is possible with Web 1.0 technologies?
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Searching and reading
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Knowing how to dress, act and present oneself at work and being able to work well with other people are examples of ...
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soft skills
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What does human capital theory suggest about education?
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That people with more education are paid more because they are more productive
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Of the following statements about the learning experience of high-track students, which is FALSE? a. high-track students spend less time away from the classroom on field trips b. high-track students are taught more vocabulary words c. high-track students receive better teachers and learning materials d. high-track students receive less direction and criticism
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high-track students spend less time away from the classroom on field trips
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What do sociologists mean when they say that education serves a credentialing function?
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That education limits entry into some occupations and thus raises the rewards for people in them
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Between 1975 and 2008, household debt for middle-class families .......
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soared
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Criticism of the poverty line include all of the following except - it does no account for changes in the cost of living from state to state - it does not account for government assistance programs, such as food stamps -it does account for the taxes that people pay - it measures only relative poverty
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it measures only relative poverty
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the concept of .......... is at the heart of the study of social stratification
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social inequality
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The 2nd and 3rd richest people in the world in 2012 were americans
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bill gates and warren buffett
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The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as
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feudalism
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Compared with the wealthiest 10 percent of present-day americans, the wealthiest 10 percent of americans in the 1920s received ........ of national income
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a larger share
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Why is it more relevant, from a sociological point of view, to assess family incomes by looking at the median instead of the mean?
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the gap between the richest individuals and everyone else has increased significantly
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Psychologists agree that talent is something that people ...........
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can acquire
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Who theorized that the critical divisions between classes were the result of the economic system?
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Karl Marx
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Most people, before retirement age, get most or all of their income from ....
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their jobs
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Defenders of inequality often point to ......... in their arguments against using legislation to make society more equal
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the former Soviet Union
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In a meritocracy ......
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rewards are linked to personal ability
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when did homelessness begin to grow into a serious problem in the US?
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1980s
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The premise of the ............ is that billionaires, millionaires, and all those at the top of the income ladder are expected to pay more in taxes than minimum-wage employees
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progressive tax system
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In hunting and gathering societies, the ............ also referred to as the medicine man, has special privileges
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shaman
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The net financial assets include all of the following except a. savings b. investments c. convertible assets minus debts d. underground earnings
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underground earnings
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Why is it difficult to get an accurate count on homeless people?
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Many homeless people temporily live with family and friends
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Because there are no obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining ........
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Social Mobility
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Apple computer manufactures all iPads and iPhones in .....
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china
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The top 1% of the world's population controls ......... percent of the entire world's wealth
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32
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As a result of economic restructuring, average wages have ...... since the 1970s
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stagnated
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Sociologists offer 2 competing explanations as to why people with more education reap larger socioeconomic rewards? what are they?
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socialization theory allocation theory
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In the science fields, women earn larger percentages of bachelor's degrees in which 2 disciplines?
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biology chemistry
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The growing use of digital technologies outside of school will .... in education and society
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likely magnify existing inequalities
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Research on contemporary college and university students in the US shows that study less than ........ as students in the 1950s
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half as much
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After the end of ww2, how did the government choose to regulate the flow of workers into the labor market and avoid high unemployment among former soldier?
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by issuing the GI bill
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The educational experiences of American children, regardless of social class differences, ........
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are likely to be quite different
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Research shows that ....... students complete online classes compare to face-to-face courses
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fewer
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What skill is harder to learn online than the others?
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the skill to think critically
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Based on 2007 census data, ......... spend the most and .......... spent the least per pupil to educate elementary and secondary students.
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New York; Utah
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Women and men in the US are about equally likely to earn all the following degrees EXCEPT ....
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bachelor's degree
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What is a false statement about the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB)?
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NCLB rewards or punishes school districts, schools and teachers for the tested achievement of their students and prescribes consequences for students.
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What percentage of US college students attends public nonprofit colleges and universities?
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75%
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Besides learning skills and knowledge, schools serve 3 major purposes. What are they?
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economic future preparation socialization functions
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The dominant system of inequality prior to the advent of capitalism is known as ...
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feudalism
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The life expectancy at birth in Medieval England was about ... years
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30
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..... have no rights of citizenship and are compelled to work for others
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serfs
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The study of the distinctions among different social classes is called ...
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class analysis
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... is a measure of the output per worker per hour
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productivity
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The industrial revolution brought about rapid and sustained economic growth, allowing for societies as a whole to get richer and for ...
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vastly greater inequalities to emerge
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Compared with the wealthiest 10% of present-day americans, the wealthiest 10% of americans in the 1920s received ...... of national income
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about the same share
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Sociologists refer to societies in which individuals experience social mobility as ...
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open societies
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Why is it more relevant, from a sociological point of vide, to assess family incomes by looking at the median instead of the mean?
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the gap between the richest individual and everyone else has increased significantly
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Countries where disparities between the poor and the rich are small are called ....
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egalitarian culture
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Sociologist refer to societies in which individuals experience social mobility as ...
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open
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... has the fewest opportunities for social inequality to emerge
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hunting gathering
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The bottom 30 percent of the worlds population controls less than ........ percent of the worlds wealth
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1%
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SBTC is an acronym used for ....
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skill-biased technical change
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The majority of minimum-wage employees are ....
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adults
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.... refers to the receipt of money over a period of time, whereas .... refers at a given point in time
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income, wealth
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The federal income tax was established permanently by the ..
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16th amendment
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Comparative data indicate that, of the following countries, only ....... is not considered egalitarian
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United States (egalitarian- Sweden, Norway, Finland and Denmark)
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In a perfect equal society, the income share of the wealthiest 1/10 of families would be equal to .... percent of the national income
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10%
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Two billion of the world's poor live on less than .... a day
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2 dollars
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..... is a designation of class that considers income, occupations, and salary.
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socioeconomic status
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The concept of ..... is at the heart of the study of social stratification
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inequality
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The feminization of poverty is a term used to describe ....
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families with single female parent who are much more likely to be poor
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Among the following, which play a role in the sorting function of students into particular jobs?
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credentialism
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True statement about less educated workers.
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More likely to do manual and routine work
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How has marriage changed in recent decades?
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Women wait longer to marry
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Differences in achievement test scores can be explained, in part, by the differences in courses that students take, especially in which 3 subjects?
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1. mathematics 2. science 3. foreign language
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Educational systems around the world differ in 3 important ways: ...
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1. vary in access 2. vary in how they are controlled/financed 3. public vs private school
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People with more education tend to live longer. This is true of ...
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Men, women, blacks and whites
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The disparities in educational achievement between whites and asian americans, who tend to fare better, on average, than african americans, latino/a, and native american student .....
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disparities persisted over the last 30 years
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The fact that people with comparable occupations and incomes participate more in civic and political life of their communities when they have more education is considered the .... view of education.
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socialization
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The median family income in the US in 2009 was approximately ...
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60,088
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Compared with other countries of the world, the Gini index for the US is about equal to the scores of ...
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Argentina, Iran, Nigeria
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How much did workers in 2010 have to earn per hour to reach the poverty line for a family of 4, working 40 hours per week for 48 weeks a year?
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$11.62 dollars per hour
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The larger the Gini index ...
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the more inequality
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In marxist terms, the important distinction between classes was between the ...... and the .......
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bourgeoisie and proletariat
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In determining wealth we are looking for:
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the total assets minus total outside liabilities
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True or false. There is an income gap in every country between the rich and the poor.
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True
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True or false: Wilkinson ran the percent's of life expectancy, math scores, homicide, obesity, social mobility and more: against average income and separately against the percent of income inequality. Wilkinson found that the higher the average income the worse the well being of a society.
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False, when you look at average income you find no correlation of any kind but when ran against the size of the income gap then you have the correlation which shows the higher the gap the worse the well being of your country will be.
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True and False: According to Wilkinson's analysis of the UNICEF Index of child well being, the US is one of the worst of all other developed countries when it comes to child well being.
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True
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If american's want to live the american dream they should go to Denmark: why?
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Denmark allows for individual success to determine mobility not father's income
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Yes or No. According to Wilkinson's analysis, if the gap in income inequality is reduced, the rick or upper classes will experience no affect and in some case experience harmful affects; where the middle and lower classes will experience better well being in general.
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No- All social classes benefit from greater equality. If all can purchase and consume more than everybody wins.
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Wilkinson suggest to achieve greater equality than several things stand out to make this occur. Which of the following did he not mention? a. increase the number of employee owned businesses b. stop tax avoidance or tax haven options c. address the gap, it does not matter how you shrink the gap, just shrink the gap. d. all societies should evolve toward a communist type of government and economic structure.
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all societies should evolve toward a communist type of government and economic structure
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Which of the following do you think is the biggest reason a person is homeless?
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Cant make enough money to live in a house or apartment.
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The number of persons in poverty in the US in 2012 was 46,500,000. Which group below do you think represents the largest group of those in poverty?
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People under the age of 18
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Of all persons who are 18-64, and employed: what % would you guess is working but still are considered in poverty?
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19.5%
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True or False. If a family makes under the poverty line they are eligible for cash assistance through welfare.
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False
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True or False. If a family does receive welfare, then the amount cash provided will pull the family just above the poverty line in income
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False
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True or False. Even if the TANF program doesn't provide for the majority of poor, there are other programs that make up for it
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False
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True or False. Homelessness is more concentrated within cities or urban areas
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False
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True or False. The average age of a homeless person is 9 years old
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True
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True or False. Most homeless individuals do not have jobs.
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False
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Where did america stand in Math, Science and Reading?
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35th, 27th, 23th
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The key to reforming education is to:
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Background in management Background in education Reform at the top administration levels
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True and False. More money equal better schools.
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False
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According to Michelle Reno, we need what type of school?
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More effective schools
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Who is more likely to be home-schooled?
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white school-age children
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The disparity in educational achievement between whites and asian americans, who tend to fare better, on average, than african american, latino/a, and native american students ....
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has persisted over 30 years
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Women have higher college completion rates in ...
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The United States
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Unstated standards of behavior or teachers' expectations compromise all the following EXCEPT ...
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intellectual skills and content
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For upper-class white males, social origin is ..... to occupation and income
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strongly related
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Common competencies that sociologists have identifies as necessary for successful functioning in the 21st century include agility and adaptability. Of the following skills and capabilities, which is less likely to be associated with agility and adaptability than others?
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to listen effectively to discern meaning, knowledge, values, attitudes and intentions.
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In the US how much funding for schools comes from the federal government?
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less than 10%
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The gender gap in education favors girls over boys with respect to ...
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achievement and attainment
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On the SAT reasoning test, why is the male sample of test-takers NOT readily comparable to the female sample?
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fewer males than females take the SAT reasoning test.
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The US ....... the world in the amount of education its citizens receives.
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no longer leads
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According to Forbes Magazine, in 2012, the richest individual in the world was ...
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Mexican
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In the 1960s, the US gov launches the ....., a policy initiative to reduce poverty and racial inequality
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Great Society
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The average income per person in the US by 2008 was about ..
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$31,000
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Illegal or "underground" earnings from crime or from untaxed (undeclared) work or activity are ...
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considered as income
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... is the study of social inequality and the distribution of goods, resources, and power.
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social stratification
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in the US, the median family income is ... as the average family income.
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vastly below
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Among the following, who is exhibiting a soft skill?
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Aaron, who is teaching others how to fill out a new timesheet at work
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The educational experiences of American children, regardless of social class differences, ....
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are likely to be quite different.
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The chapter discusses 3 implications associates with the use of digital technologies in education, EXCEPT..
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The use of digital technologies around the world
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In a sociological context, SES is an abbreviation for ...
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socioeconomic status
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Sociologists commonly assess educational attainment using all of the following measurements EXCEPT
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hours spend working at jobs
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The proportion of employed workers who belonged to unions peaked in the ..... , when ..... of US workers belonged to a union
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1950s; one-third
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The efficiency justification of inequality is associated with the idea that ...
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the possibility of disproportionate rewards motivates individuals to take risks
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What of the following groups of people is NOT characerisitc of class?
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people with diverse attitudes and behaviors
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On the Gini index, which measures income inequality, a score of 1 indicates ...
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complete inequality
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Which of the following class schemes is NOT one of the five core classes identifies by Erikson and Goldthorpe?
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the creative vs. the noncreative
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Because there are not obvious ways of determining how much opportunity individuals really have, social scientists measure it indirectly by examining....
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social mobility
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