Exam 3 Ch. 9-12 - Flashcards

Q: pre-existing stereotypes lead us to \"see\" correlations that do not exist.

Hamilton and Rose\'s (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that

Q: our social identity.

The \"we\" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call

Q: group-serving bias

Dismissing outgroup members\' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as

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sexism

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An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given sex is called

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prejudice

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A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called

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racism

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An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given race is called

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pre-existing stereotypes lead us to "see" correlations that do not exist.

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Hamilton and Rose's (1980) research in which students read sentences describing accountants, doctors, and salespeople revealed that

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our social identity.

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The "we" aspect of our self-concept is what social psychologists call

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automatic, implicit prejudice exists.

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Greenwald and his colleagues (2003) asked both Black and White participants to press a "shoot" button when the target appeared to be holding a gun (rather than a harmless object such as a flashlight). Their results showed that all participants mistakenly shot at more targets who were Black. The results showed that

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an ingroup

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Between classes, you notice how smokers congregate outside the doors of the building. When interacting with one another, they seem to behave as if they identify as quite different from the non-smokers who happen to be outside the door. What term would best describe the group of smokers?

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group-serving bias

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Dismissing outgroup members' positive behaviors and attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions is known as

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unequal status

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Myers indicates that, until recently, prejudice was greatest in regions where slavery was practiced. This fact is consistent with the principle that _______ breeds prejudice.

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can occur outside of one's conscious awareness.

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Recent research confirms that prejudiced and stereotyped evaluations

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the just-world phenomenon

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Jeremy's belief that earthquake victims are being punished by God for their own sins best illustrates

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gender-role norms; gender stereotypes

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Ideas about how men and women ought to behave are called _______, whereas people's ideas about how women and men do behave are called _______.

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displaced aggression

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When the cause of our frustration is intimidating or unknown, we often redirect our hostility. This phenomenon is known as

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People with low self-image tend to be more prejudiced.

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What connection has been found in experiments exploring self-image and prejudice?

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employed women

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Children of _______ have less stereotyped views of men and women.

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cognition

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A stereotype is part of an attitude regarding a group of people. Stereotype refers to what part of an attitude?

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a stereotype; discrimination

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Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______.

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automatic processing involves unconscious activity in emotional parts of the brain.

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Research concerning automatic prejudices reveals that

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self-esteem

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Children of stay-at-home moms have more stereotyped views of men and women. This illustrates a ___________ source of prejudice

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The Italian women gave poor ratings of the Jewish women when the Italian women had high self-esteem, thus felt superior.

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Fein and Spencer had women of Italian descent rate job applicants who were Jewish. The results of their study revealed:

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outgroup

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"Them" - a group that people perceive as being distinctively different or apart from their own group is what social psychologists call a(n)

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when groups compete for scarce resources.

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The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises

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an ingroup favoritism

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A tendency to favor one's group is called

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outgroup homogeneity effect.

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The tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race than faces of a different race may be due to

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ingroup bias

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Although most suspects in cases of incest, child molestation, and sexual abuse are heterosexual males, the local newspaper omits the word "heterosexual" in any related headlines. In contrast, whenever a self-described gay male is arrested for a crime, the headline proclaims "homosexual arrested". The resulting prejudice that gay males are more likely to commit violent crimes can in part be blamed on

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Positive behaviors are attributed to situational factors.

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What sort of attributions are made when an outgroup member commits a positive behavior?

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a stereotype threat.

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Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. The girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing

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a person high in social dominance

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Who is most likely to support a policy, such as tax cuts for the wealthy, that maintains hierarchies?

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prejudice; discrimination

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_______ is a negative attitude; _______ is a negative behavior.

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ethnocentrism.

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A belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group is called

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a stereotype; discrimination

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Mr. Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______. His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______.

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just-world

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Mary tells you that she thinks the reason people live in poverty is because they are lazy. Mary's thinking is an example of the _______ phenomenon.

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black females

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Ayres' (1991) research team visited 90 Chicago-area car dealers using a uniform strategy to negotiate the lowest price on an $11,000 car. The results indicated that _______ were given the highest quote.

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rated their partners as more tense, distant, and patronizing.

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Kleck and Strenta (1980) had women who falsely believed that they appeared disfigured by theatrical makeup interact with a female partner. Results indicated that women who thought they were disfigured

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baby boys

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Around the world, people tend to prefer

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prescriptive; descriptive

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Norms are _____. Stereotypes are _____.

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an ingroup bias

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Sack and Elder (2000) found that more than 80 percent of both Whites and Blacks say race relations are generally good in their neighborhoods, but fewer than 60 percent see relations as generally good in the country as a whole. This is referred to as

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illusory correlations

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Because we are sensitive to distinctive events, the simultaneous occurrence of two such events is especially noticeable. Our attentiveness to unusual occurrences can create

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aggression

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Physical or verbal behavior `intended to cause harm is known as

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Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.

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Which of the following is an example of aggression as it is defined in the text?

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Freud

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Who among the following argued that there is an inborn aggressive drive?

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instinct theory

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Which theory is most susceptible to the criticism that it tries to explain aggression by naming it?

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Evolutionary psychology

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The observation that in many animal species males fight each other for the opportunity to mate supports which theory about aggression?

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less activity than normal

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A study of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers found

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after age 25, testosterone and rates of violent crime decrease together

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Studies of hormonal influences on aggression indicate that

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the frustration-aggression theory

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It was raining out and Jessie's car had a flat tire. After she managed to fix it, she arrived home late only to find someone had parked in her assigned parking spot. When she entered her apartment, she kicked her pet cat who was waiting at the door. Jessie's behavior is perhaps most easily explained in terms of

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anger, an emotional readiness to aggress.

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Berkowitz argued that frustration may increase aggression because:

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a learned response.

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When Jason hits his brother, the brother hands over a toy. This most clearly suggests that Jason aggression is

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observations of others' behavior.

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According to Albert Bandura, an important influence on one's tendency to be aggressive is

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attacked a Bobo doll

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In a famous experiment by Albert Bandura and his colleagues, children watched an adult attack a Bobo doll with a mallet. They were then shown some toys that they were forbidden to play with. When they were taken to another room, they

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an unexpected request

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Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text?

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The correlations between heat and aggression do not prove a causal relationship

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What can we conclude about the relationship between heat and aggression?

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the catharsis hypothesis.

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As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in

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Positively correlated with aggression.

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According to the text, watching violent media is:

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get into fights.

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Adam frequently plays violent video games. Social psychologists would predict that Adam would therefore be likely to frequently

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the presence of the researcher

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Which one of the following does NOT predict increased aggression?

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Joe who has just been running, but isn't thinking about that fact when he is provoked

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According to the excitation transfer theory (by Zillmann) which of the following people would be most likely to be aggressive when they are provoked?

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activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans.

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The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that

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the interaction of genes and the environment can cause aggressive behavior.

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Long-term studies of New Zealand children revealed that

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evokes imitation.

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According to the text, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that it

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prosocial behavior

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Positive, constructive, helpful social behavior is what psychologists refer to as

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when the weather is hot

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Violent crimes are more likely committed

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instrumental

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Most terrorism is considered _______ aggression

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anger

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According to Berkowitz (1989), the frustration-aggression relationship is mediated by the role of

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the anticipated consequences.

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According to the social learning theory, whether we act aggressively depends on

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the catharsis hypothesis.

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As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in

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increase

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Court (1985) reported that as pornographic materials become more widely available, the rate of reported rapes has generally been found to

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is basically over

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According to Gentile and Anderson (2003), "The scientific debate over whether media violence has an effect _______."

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tends to increase attraction for one's partner

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Repeated exposure to erotic films that feature quick, uncommitted sex does NOT have which effect?

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sucks people's energy and dampens their moods.

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Kubey and Csikszentmihaly (2002) reported that compared to active recreation, television watching

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cathartic

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The _______ view of aggression is that aggressive drive is reduced when one "releases" aggressive energy.

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relative deprivation

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The perception that one is less well off than others is referred to as

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1:2

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Each year Canada and the United States record _____ divorce/s for every _____ marriage/s.

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two factor theory

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Which theory suggests that love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal?

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Bill, who emphasizes his income

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Who is likely to receive the most responses to his personal ad?

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we want to name our children using family names.

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All of the following are examples of implicit egotism EXCEPT

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any source

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According to the two-factor theory of emotion, being aroused by _______ should intensify passionate feelings.

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readily; slowly

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In comparison to women, men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______

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reward

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We like people with whom we associate good feelings. This fact is consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction.

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mere exposure effect

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The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

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masculine features

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Gangestad and his colleagues (2004) found that during ovulation, women show a heightened preference for men with

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Blake better

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At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like

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higher

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Individualistic cultures have _______ divorce rates than communal cultures

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near where people hang out

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If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

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your best friend Carol

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Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?

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Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him.

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Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness,

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reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively.

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Research by Aronson and Linder (1965) suggested that more often than not, we like people more if they

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Dissimilar attitudes depress liking more than similar attitudes enhance liking.

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According to research conclusions reached by Singh and his colleagues (2000), which of the following is TRUE?

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passionate love

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Hatfield defines _______ as a state of intense longing for union with another

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define and measure it

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According to the text, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to

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distressed and depressed

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Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more

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Joni

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Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers?

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reproductive capacity

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The evolutionary view of physical attractiveness is supported by research showing that men in many cultures worldwide prefer female characteristics that signify

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post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.

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Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that

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diminished; they sought true friendship

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In studies at the University of Maryland, Clark and Mills found that tit-for-tat exchanges _______ people's liking for each other when _______

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greater; happier

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Spouses are more likely than random paired people to share common attitudes, beliefs, and values. The _____ the similarity the _____ they are

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negative; more liking of

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Hatfield gave university women evaluations, affirming the self-esteem of some and wounding others with negative evaluations. Each participant was then asked to evaluate a man who had earlier asked her for a date. Women whose evaluations had been _______ expressed _______ the man.

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similar; beautiful

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In a survey of college-age individuals, Buston and Emlen (2003) reported that the desire for _______ mates far outweighed the desire for _______ mates

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the need to belong

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A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of

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secure

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Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of ______ attachment.

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a lack of conflict

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John Gottman (1994,1998) noted that healthy marriages were NOT marked by

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the matching phenomenon

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Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of

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beautiful

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Research has shown that we guess _______ people are happier, sexually warmer, more outgoing, and successful

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the felt attraction and affection

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When unacquainted male-female pairs gazed intently for two minutes into each other's eyes for a research project, what was the result?

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gazed more into each others eyes

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In Rubin's research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they

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attractiveness; status

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When people describe themselves in personal ads, women often offer _______ and seek _______

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more money

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Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Ruth makes $35,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably make _______ doing the same job.

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"Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder."

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Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions?

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the need to belong

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A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of

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mere exposure effect

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The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their own name illustrates the

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familiarity leads to liking

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Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that

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physical attractiveness

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Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?

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Affiliation is desire for social interaction, intimacy is desire for close relationships

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The primary difference between the need for affiliation and the need for intimacy is

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That stress can increase the desire to affiliate

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Strangers on a bus don't speak to one another until the bus is almost in an accident. After the bus driver steers the swerving bus around a broken down truck, the passengers start talking to one another. This illustrates what?

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What is beautiful is good.

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Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype?

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perfectly average is quite attractive

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Studies on computer composites `of faces show that

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"Opposites attract."

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Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?

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companionate love.

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The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called `

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anxious-ambivalent; avoidant

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In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them.

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equity

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Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks

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commitment

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`Which component in Sternberg's theory of love involves a decision to maintain a relationship?

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promote altruism in the observers.

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Research evidence indicates that prosocial models of helping

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political conservative

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According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help.

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we are less likely to help others when others are present.

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According to the bystander effect,

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be less likely to help others.

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A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would

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most participants agreed to help even if they knew that their part in the experiment was complete.

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Batson and his colleagues (1981) had university women watch another woman suffer a series of painful shocks. Some participants were led to feel empathy for her and were then asked if they would trade places, taking her remaining shocks. The results indicated that

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40 %`

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In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?

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Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered.

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From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why

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happy

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Few findings have been more consistent than those that show that _______ people are helpful people

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Jill agreed to donate bone marrow to save the life of a stranger.

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Evolutionary psychologists would have greatest difficulty explaining why

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altruism

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The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

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has been absent due to illness

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A classmate of Bianca's wants to borrow Bianca's notes to study for an upcoming exam. Research suggests that Bianca will most likely agree if the classmate says she needs the notes because she

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more trusting and more generous

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DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were _______ when the other person's pictured faced had some features of their own face morphed into it.

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the overjustification effect

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What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism?

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give people what the deserve

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According to the text, the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles?

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they become cold and uncaring after living in the city

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Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

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the parable of the Good Samaritan

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According to the text, the classic illustration of altruism is provided by

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social exchange theory

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Social economics is a term most closely associated with

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the benefits are greater than the costs

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According to social-exchange theory we will help when

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empathy

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According to Daniel Batson, genuine altruism may have its basis in feelings of

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an illusion of transparency

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The misinterpretations of emotional states involved in the bystander effect are fed by

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help those dependent on them

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The social-responsibility norm is an expectation that people will

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a norm of reciprocity

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According to sociologist Alvin Gouldner, a universal moral code is

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equals

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The reciprocity norm applies most strongly to our interactions with our

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reciprocity does not work as well in big cities as it does in small, isolated groups

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According to the text, one possible reason why people in big cities are less helpful is that

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positively correlated

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A Gallup poll found that being "highly spiritually committed" was ______________________ with helping the poor and elderly.

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teach altruism

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Since we are born selfish, evolutionary psychologists propose that we attempt to

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social norms theory, evolutionary psychology, social-exchange theory

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According to the text, which theory of altruism proposes two types of altruism: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange, and a more unconditional helpfulness?

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a situation influence

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Latane and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese in terms of

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noticed the smoke more quickly than did those in groups

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Researchers had participants fill out a questionnaire in a room either by themselves or with two strangers. When the experimenters pumped smoke through a wall vent, solitary participants

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people are less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

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What is meant by the term "bystander effect"?

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weighing the costs and benefits of helping

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Which of the following is not one of the steps in Darley and Latane's decision tree?

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can read each other's reactions

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According to the text, the presence of others may not inhibit helping if the bystanders

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all said they thought the deception was justified and would be willing to take part in future similar experiments

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When participants in Darley and Latane's seizure experiment were later interviewed,

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they never fully grasp the situation as one requiring their assistance

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According to the text, people in a hurry may be less willing to help because

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debate whether empathy leads to pure altruism

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Researchers who have investigated the relationship between empathy and altruism

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guilt

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Which of the following negative moods is most likely to motivate altruism?

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we are happy

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Research suggests that we are especially likely to help when

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they are led to think that helpfulness will be socially rewarded

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In comparison to low self-monitors, high self-monitors are especially helpful if

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subsequently volunteered less time to a service agency

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Batson found that those who attributed their helpful act to compliance rather than compassion

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social-exchange theory; evolutionary psychology

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Rewards and costs are to ________________ as gene survival is to __________.

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students are subsequently more likely to help someone in need

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Research has indicated that when students have been informed through a lecture of how bystanders can affect one's reactions to an emergency, the

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self-efficacy

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Research suggests that those who are high in ____________ are more likely to be helpful.

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less likely to help when they are sad

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Research indicates that compared to adults, young children are

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gender difference interacts with the situation

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What does research indicate regarding the role of gender difference in predicting helping?

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concerned about their self-image

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According to the text, the door-in-the-face technique works to promote altruism because people are

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both the number of contributors and the average amount of each contribution increased

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When a solicitor for a charitable cause added the phrase, "Even a penny will help" to the request for a donation,

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overjustificaton effect

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In socializing altruism, we should beware of the

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Everyone is a child of God and thus your brother or sister

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Which of the following religious teachings most clearly promotes "moral inclusion"?

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reciprocity

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The statement, "There is no duty more indispensable than that of returning a kindness," reflects the __________________ norm.

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Anita who is five minutes late for a committee meeting

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Who of the following is least likely to help an injured pedestrian?

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door-in-the-face technique

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Your roommate asks you to loan her twenty-five dollars to buy her boyfriend a birthday present and you refuse. She then asks for three dollars to purchase a new notebook. You loan her the three dollars. Your roommate has successfully used the

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Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered

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From an evolutionary perspective it would be most difficult to explain why

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show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others

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Which of the following techniques should elementary schoolteachers use if they hope to promote enduring altruistic tendencies in students?

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the bystander effect

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When his car overheated on a nearly deserted highway early one morning, elderly Mr. Hurley received help from the first passerby. One week later the same thing happened in the afternoon when traffic was heavy and Mr. Hurley waited nearly two hours for help. This difference best illustrates

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avoiding eye contact

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Which is NOT one of the reasons that affect us as to when we will help others?

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reciprocity

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According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on

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time pressures

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In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by

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easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming

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A major weakness of the social-exchange theory is that it

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Tam

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Ian is from England, Dan is from America, and Tam is from India. Which one of these people is most likely to support and act on the norm of social responsibility?

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the presence of others who offer help

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Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?

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gene survival

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Which of the following factors is likely to increase helping behavior?

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India

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In which of the following countries is the norm of social responsibility supported most strongly?

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we have just observed someone else helping

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We tend to help more often when

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moral inclusion

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Regarding people who are within one's circle of moral concern is called

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