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Lipids

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Hydrophobic
Most contain or derived from fatty acids

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Function of Lipids

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a) major fuel store
b)constitute membranes
c) solubalize nonpolar substance in bodily fluids
d) important signaling molecules

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Fatty Acids structure

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Alkyl chain with a terminal carboxyl group R-COOH

Most alkyl chains have an even number of carbon atoms.

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Fatty Acids structure include

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Saturated CH3(CH2)nCOOH
Unsaturated (up to 6 double bonds)

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Numerical Formulas of Fatty Acids

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nShow:
number of carbon atoms
number of double bonds
bond location starting with carboxyl carbon.

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What is Triacylglycerols?

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nThree fatty acids esterified to a glycerol backbone

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nOn a weight basis, pure TAG yields ..........times more ATP than pure glycogen

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nOn a weight basis, pure TAG yields 2.5 times more ATP than pure glycogen

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nTAGs can be stored without or with associated water???

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nTAGs can be stored without associated water, thus decreasing the storage weight.

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How many gm of lipid do normal adults eat per day??

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Adults ingest 60-150 gm of lipid/day

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What are components of lipids that normal adults consume per day?

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nTriacylglycerols constitute 90% of dietary fat.
nOther 10% are phospholipids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and free fatty acids.

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Compared to other Lipoprotein classes, HDL:

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Has highest density
Has the most protein
Has lowest triacylglycerol
Has highest amount of phospholipids

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Compared to other Lipoprotein classes, Chylomicron:

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Has the most triacyglycerol
Has the lowest density
Has the lowest amount of free cholesterol
Has the lowest amount of cholesterol ester
Has the lowest amount of phospholipids

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Compared to other Lipoprotein classes, LDL:

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Has highest amount of cholesterol ester

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Liver and Intestine generate HDL to:

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Deliver cholesterol to the liver for elimination

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Intestine generate Chylomicron

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Deliver dietary TAG to peripheral tissues

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Liver creates VLD to

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Deliver de novo TAG to peripheral tissues

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Fatty acid synthesized from

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excess carbohydrate
amino acids

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In FED State:

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FA assembled into TAGs, packaged into VLDL, secreted into the blood stream
VLDL and chylomicrons are hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase ApoC-II, activates binding
products (FA&glycerol) taken up reassembled to TAG (adipose), or used as fuel (muscle)

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Lipid Transport in Fasted State

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FAs and glycerol released into the blood. FAs transported by serum albumin
PROLONGED fasting liver makes ketone bodies, acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate

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Fatty Acid Biosynthesis occurs in????

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cytosol

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Palmitic acid (C16H32O2) is first synthesized from

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carbohydrate intermediates
amino acids
other fatty acids.

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All other fatty acids are made by modification of

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palmitic acid

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What is formula for palmitic acid???

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C16H32O2

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Which provides all the carbons for FA synthesis in two carbon units???

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Acetyl CoA

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Acetyl CoA provides all the carbons for FA synthesis in how many carbon units???

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nAcetyl CoA provides all the carbons for FA synthesis in two carbon units.

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Sequence of reactions in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis is carried out by ????

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Sequence of reactions in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis is carried out by fatty acid synthase

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Transfer of acetyl CoA from mitochondria to cytosol for fatty acid biosynthesis by what pathway?

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Transfer of acetyl CoA from mitochondria to cytosol for fatty acid biosynthesis by citrate cleavage pathway

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Transfer of acetyl CoA from where to where for fatty acid biosynthesis by citrate cleavage pathway

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Transfer of acetyl CoA from mitochondria to cytosol for fatty acid biosynthesis by citrate cleavage pathway

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Transfer of what from mitochondria to cytosol for fatty acid biosynthesis by citrate cleavage pathway

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Transfer of acetyl CoA from mitochondria to cytosol for fatty acid biosynthesis by citrate cleavage pathway

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In Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase requires:

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1 molecule of ATP and HCO3

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In Fatty Acid Biosynthesis, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is

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–Key control point for fatty acid synthesis

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In Fatty Acid Biosynthesis:

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Biotin is a coenzyme that transfers the CO2 to Acetyl-CoA to yield malonyl-CoA
–Citrate is an allosteric activator
–Palmitoyl CoA is an allosteric inhibitor

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Which activates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase in Fatty Acid Biosynthesis?

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•Dephosphorylation activates Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase

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Mammalian FA synthase is

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is a multienyme polypeptide composed of 2 identical subunits

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nPalmitoyl-ACP acted on by .............to produce palmitic acid

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nPalmitoyl-ACP acted on by thioesterase to produce palmitic acid

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Characteristics of Fatty Acyl Synthase

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It is essential, but not rate limiting
Not subject to short term control
All activities on a single contiguous protein
In animals, the synthase is active only as a dimer

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The stoichiometry for conversion of acetyl-CoA to palmitate requires .....ATP

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The stoichiometry for conversion of acetyl-CoA to palmitate requires 7 ATP

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nTypes of Modifications of other Fatty Acid

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qElongation of Fatty Acids
qDesaturation of Fatty Acids
qHydroxylation of Fatty Acids

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Elongation of Fatty Acids occurs in

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Occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria

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qDesaturation of Fatty Acids occurs in

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nOccurs in endoplasmic reticulum

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qHydroxylation of Fatty Acids occurs in

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nOccurs in mitochondria of many tissues
nOccurs in tissues of the nervous system where long chain fatty acids are needed (C22 and C24)

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