Exam 3 – Flashcard Test Questions
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in PST?
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intervention phase
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Ideally, a psychological skills training (PST) program should be planned, implemented, and supervised by a
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AASP-certified sport psychology consultant
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In general, most coaches state that their sport is at least what percentage mental?
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50%
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From the perspective of athletes, what is the benefit of Performance Profiling?
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setting goals for themselves
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From a psychological perspective, the ultimate goal of psychological skills training is
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self-regulation
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When is it generally best to implement a PST program?
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during the off-season or preseason
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Results of a study focusing on successful versus unsuccessful athletes showed that more successful athletes are characterized by
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a & c
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An athlete who is underactivated commonly experiences which of the following?
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a & b
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Effective breathing begins in the
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diaphragm
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A key feature in the multimodal anxiety reduction programs is that they help participants learn
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coping skills
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The most frequently cited stressor in recent studies by Nicholls and colleagues was
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physical or mental errors
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The gradual counterconditioning of anxiety using relaxation as the incompatible or competing response is known as
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systematic desensitization
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Which of the following can be useful as an on-site strategy to help reduce tension?
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all of these
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Tkachuk, Leslie-Toogood, and Martin suggested a number of ways to select behaviors to be changed as well as ways to monitor behaviors. These included
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all of these
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According to the results of Komaki and Barnett's study of a Pop Warner football team,
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the team performed three plays more effectively after the intervention
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Besides rewarding the outcome of a person's performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include
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all of these
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Which of the following is a psychological need included in self-determination theory?
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a & b
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Flow is maximized when you are competing against an opponent
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of equal ability
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A study on reducing inappropriate tennis behaviors using behavior modification techniques revealed that
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inappropriate behaviors were significantly reduced for all five players
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Social factors affecting intrinsic motivations include
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a & b
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Sport psychology topics that form the basis for PST programs include which of the following?
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a & b
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According to Vealey, which of the following is a foundation skill?
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self-confidence
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A recent study found that coaches particularly use the mental skills of
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self-talk and imagery
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What was the main problem that the basketball player (Jim) faced shooting free throws in the case study presented at the beginning of the chapter?
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He had not developed the psychological skill of relaxation.
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Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are now seen as varying along a continuum. Aspects of intrinsic motivation include which of these?
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b & c
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According to the TARGET acronym, which of the following is NOT a measure for fostering a mastery-oriented environment?
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affiliation
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Which of the following statements about flow is FALSE?
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Individual sport athletes get into flow more often than team sport athletes.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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a & b
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Receiving a reward that provides feedback concerning an athlete's sense of competence is an example of
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the informational aspect of reward
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The study by Lepper and Greene investigating the effects of external rewards on intrinsic motivation of children found that
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a & b
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Type II "yips" is characterized by
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choking
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Which of the following is a guideline for giving a pep talk?
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a & b
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Both Ron Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training and Don Meichenbaum's stress inoculation training are examples of ___________ anxiety programs.
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multimodal
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Which of the following is NOT a stage in stress inoculation training?
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removing the stressor
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According to the study by Eubank and Collins, individuals perceiving their anxiety as facilitative (as opposed to debilitative) use more
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a & b
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Which of the following is NOT a dimension of flow?
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high levels of arousal
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According to Weinberg's study on intrinsic motivation in a competitive setting,
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a & b
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English football players rated their coaches more highly if the coaches used verbal as opposed to physical punishment. However, players from which country did NOT distinguish between verbal or physical punishment?
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Japan
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Besides rewarding the outcome of a person's performance (success), other areas that should be rewarded include
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all of these
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The most effective type of feedback for retention of a skill is
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intermittent
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Rewards typically undermine intrinsic motivation when the reward is
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for mere participation
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After a PST program has been put in place, how long do athletes need to continue practicing their mental skills?
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as long as they continue to participate in their sports
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The PST knowledge base has come from what source?
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a & b
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Mental toughness can be seen as being "caught" or "taught." Which of the following is an example of mental toughness being "caught"?
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setting up practices to simulate game situations
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According to Vealey, which of the following is NOT part of a psychological skills training program?
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communication skills
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Using the psychological skill of relaxation learned in baseball to deal with anxiety before taking exams would be the goal of which stage of Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation?
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generalization
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Which of the following can increase activation?
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a & c
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According to the research on biofeedback by Landers and his colleagues,
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all of these
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The state of mind produced by the relaxation response is similar to that described during
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transcendental meditation
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An athlete who is underactivated commonly experiences which of the following?
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a & b
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Which of the following levels of effort produced the fastest running times of 400-meter runners?
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95%
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Which of the following goal types (according to research by Filby and colleagues) would produce the best performance?
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a combination of goals
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According to Snyder, hope involves having a realistic goal and
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being able to reach the goal
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The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to
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write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen
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A formal assessment of an athlete's current ability or needs is
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a & b
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Which of the following is NOT a common obstacle in setting goals?
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Goals are too unstructured.
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Which of the following is useful for setting team goals?
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b & c
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of confidence?
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visualization
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Which of the following is true regarding a judge knowing a skater beforehand?
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Skaters who were known to judges were ranked higher than skaters not known to judges.
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The probable reason that approximately a dozen runners broke the 4-minute barrier within one year after Roger Bannister originally did was
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expectations that it could be done
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Confidence is seen as multidimensional, consisting of confidence in
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all of these
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The key psychological variable regarding psychological momentum is
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confidence
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A program to build self-efficacy in coaches was developed by Harwood (2008) and targeted which of the following areas?
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a & c
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Which of the following is NOT a major source of self-efficacy?
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parental expectations
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Which of the following is true?
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Imagery is used most often prior to competition.
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Which of the following was NOT found as a key characteristic of imagery in a review of literature by Williams (2012)?
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timing
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Suinn's research showing that electrical activity was present in skiers' legs as they imagined skiing down the slope provided support for
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psychoneuromuscular theory
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The main reason that exercisers give for using imagery is
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a & b
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Which of the following statements is true?
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External imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of an external observer.
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Which of the following statements is true?
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Imagery can improve performance if the imagery is done systematically.
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The PETTLEP model emphasizes which of the following critical factors in imagery practice?
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a & c
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An athlete tries to image shooting a free throw under pressure, but the ball keeps hitting the rim and bouncing off. This is an example of a lack of
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controllability
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Which of the following is NOT an aspect of PETTLEP imagery?
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planning
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In terms of the timing of imagery, it is best to image in
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real time
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Which of the following statements is true?
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b & c
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According to researcher Pavio, what are the two primary functions of imagery?
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cognitive and motivational
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Which of the following is basic to a successful imagery training program?
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a & b
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According to the latest research (such as Caliari, 2008), a player in a sport using an implement (for instance, baseball or tennis) should focus their imagery on
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the movement itself
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Which of the following is useful for setting team goals?
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b & c
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Directing a performer's attention to important elements of a skill is
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one way in which goal setting can influence performance
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A formal assessment of an athlete's current ability or needs is
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a & b
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"Chip a bucket of golf balls onto a practice green three days a week" is an example of
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a strategy for attaining the goal of "lower my handicap by three strokes"
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Burton (1989a), in a study of basketball skills, found that
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goal setting enhanced performance more for low-complexity tasks when compared to high-complexity tasks
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The phrase "out of sight, out of mind" is a reminder to
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write your goals down and place them where they can be easily seen
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One's confidence can change as the situation changes. This is known as
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state self-confidence
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Coaches' strategies to disrupt the psychological momentum of an opposing team include which of the following?
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all of these
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Which of the following is FALSE?
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Coaches provide more beneficial feedback to low-expectancy athletes.
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Sport self-confidence is currently viewed as
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state-like or trait-like depending on the situation
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Researchers investigating the concept of psychological momentum in sport found that teams of athletes having momentum
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were just as likely to perform poorly as to continue to perform well
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Modeling can enhance performance. Which of the following modeling factors has NOT been shown to influence performance?
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passionate models
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Which of the following is NOT a benefit of confidence?
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visualization
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Coaches often form expectations of athletes based on
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performance information and person cues
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A program to build self-efficacy in coaches was developed by Harwood (2008) and targeted which of the following areas?
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a & c
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Burke and colleagues (2010) found that group goal setting
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is effective for exercise groups
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Burton (1989a), in a study of basketball skills, found that
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goal setting enhanced performance more for low-complexity tasks when compared to high-complexity tasks
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A formal assessment of an athlete's current ability or needs is
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a & b
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It is important to _____ throughout the entire goal-setting process.
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all of these
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According to Gano-Overway (2008), what type of athlete performed the best under negative feedback?
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task-oriented
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According to Pavio's work on the different functions of imagery, a person's imagery of staying relaxed under pressure would be an example of
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motivational-specific imagery
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Athletes who incorporate all the senses into their image will score high on what aspect of imagery?
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vividness
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Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery?
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reducing the amount of physical practice time
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Which of the following is basic to a successful imagery training program
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a & b
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According to the latest research (such as Caliari, 2008), a player in a sport using an implement (for instance, baseball or tennis) should focus their imagery on
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the movement itself
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Which of the following statements is true?
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External imagery refers to viewing yourself from the perspective of an external observer.
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Which of the following is a principle for the effective use of external rewards?
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The best types of external rewards are creative, novel, and simple.
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Shaping occurs when
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rewards are given to behaviors that approximate the correct response
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The additive approach to the relationship between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation suggests that
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intrinsic plus extrinsic motivation leads to more motivation
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An individual will have a higher level of intrinsic motivation when
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the informational aspect is more salient than the controlling aspect
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Performance feedback is most effective when provided in what manner?
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autonomy-supportive
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Which of the following is seen as the most extrinsically motivated behavior?
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external regulation
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Research by psychologists such as Edward Deci has shown that
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extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation
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Feedback can provide instructional information about
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b & c
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Using the psychological skill of relaxation learned in baseball to deal with anxiety before taking exams would be the goal of which stage of Kirschenbaum's model of self-regulation?
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generalization
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Which of the following is characteristic of effective consultants that athletes note in interviews with sport psychologists?
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b & c
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PST takes what type of approach to mental training?
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educational
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Paralympic athletes felt the two most important mental skills were
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confidence, concentration
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Recently, what domain has transferred sport psychology skills in a systematic way creating a Center for Enhanced Performance?
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military
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The studies investigating the effectiveness of PST in enhancing performance have generally found
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b & c
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For long-term coping, research indicates that the most effective strategy is
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active problem-focused coping
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Athletes should make sure that when they are performing a skill under pressure, they
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breathe out during execution of the skill
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in the hypnosis process?
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autogenic phase
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Which of the following is NOT a phase in Smith's cognitive-affective stress management training?
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posttreatment assessment
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According to research, the most effective types of imagery scripts are
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video and audio
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To determine whether using imagery is effective, evidence has been gathered using which of the following methods?
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a & b
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Internal imagery (as compared to external imagery) makes it easier for an athlete to experience which of the following senses?
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kinesthetic
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Which of the following is NOT a use of imagery?
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reducing the amount of practice time
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Which of the following statements is true?
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Imagery can improve performance if the imagery is done systematically.
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The new Motor Imagery Integrative Model targets which specific areas where imagery can be effective?
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all of these
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Self-efficacy theory was originated by
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Albert Bandura
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According to the latest thinking, self-efficacy is now called
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self-regulatory efficacy
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Which of the following is true?
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a & c
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Which of the following is NOT a specific type of self-efficacy suggested by Beauchamp and colleagues (2012)?
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relaxation efficacy
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Research has indicated that live and filmed modeling increases self-efficacy in muscular-endurance tasks. This is an example of
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vicarious experiences
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According to the text, goals should be
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difficult enough to be a challenge, yet realistic enough to achieve
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It is recommended that appropriate goals be
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a combination of short- and long-term
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Maitland and Gervis' study on goal setting and coaches found that, for goals to be effective, coaches should be
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engaged with the goal-setting process
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According to Snyder, hope involves having a realistic goal and
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being able to reach the goal
