Exam 1 Questions – Flashcards
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| What is the definition of Microorganism |
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| organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye |
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| Rules for the Genus and the specific epithet |
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| - italicized or underlined. - The Genus is capitalized - Are "latinized" and used worldwide - May be descriptive or honor a scientist. |
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| What are the types of Microorganisms |
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| - Bacteria - Archaea - Fungi - Protozoa - Algae - Viruses - Multicellular animal parasites. |
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| Characteristics of Bacteria What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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| - Prokaryotes - Peptidoglyan cell walls - Binary Fission - For energy, use organic chmicals, inorganic chemicals, or photosynthesis |
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| Characteristics of Archaea What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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| -Prokaryotic - Lack peptidoglycan -Live in extreme enviroments - Include -(methanogens, extreme helophiles, extreme thermophiles) |
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| Characteristics of fungi What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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| -Eukaryotes -Chitin cell walls - Use organic chemicals for energy - Molds and mushrooms are multicellular, consisting of masses of mycelia, which are composed of filaments called hyphae -Yeast are unicellular |
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| Characteristics of Protozoa? What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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| - Eukaryotes - Absorb or ingest organic chemicals - May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella |
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| Characteristics of Algae What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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| -Eukaryotes - Cellulose cell walls - Use photosynthesis for energy - Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds. |
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| Characteristics of Viruses What is the set up of the cell wall? |
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| -Acellular - Consist of DNA or RNA core - Core is surrounded by a protein coat - Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope - Viruses are replicated only when they are in a living host cell |
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| Characteristics Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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| -Eukaryotes -Multicellular Animals - Parasitic Flatworms are called helminths - Microscopic stages in life cycle |
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| Which Microrganisms are Eukaryote? |
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| -Fungi -Protozoa - Algae -Multicellular |
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| What are the three domains? |
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| 1.Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Eukarya -Protists -Fungi -Plants -Animals |
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| What did Robert Hooke Discover? |
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| He reproted that living things were composed of little boxes, cells. discovered the "cell theory". All living things are composed of cells. |
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| Ruldolf Virchow |
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| Said that Cells arise from preexisting cells |
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| Anton Van Leeuwenhoek |
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| describe live Microrganisms |
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| Francisco Redi |
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| Tested the Meat with flies expirament. Proved that flies had to land their eggs on the meat in order to produce maggot |
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| Lazzaro Spallanzani |
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| Showed that Nutrient fluids heated AFTER being sealed in a flask did not develop microbial growth. |
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| John Needham |
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| Found that even after he heated nutrient fluids before pouring them into covered flasks, the cooled solutions were full of microorganisms |
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| Louis Pasteur |
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| He demostrated that microorganisms are present in the air. He also discovered the relationship between microbes and disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs - Showed that microbes are responsible for fermentation - He also demostrated that theses spoilage bacteria could be healed by heat that was not hot enough to evaporate the alcohol in wine. |
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| Fermentation |
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| the conversion of sugar to alcohol to make beer and wine |
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| Pasteurization |
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| the application of a high heat for a short time |
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| Agostino Bass |
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| showed that a silkworm disease caused by a fungus |
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| Ignaz Semmelweis |
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| advocated hand washing to prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another |
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| Joseph Lister |
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| used a chemical disinfectant to prevent surgical wound infections |
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| Robert Koch |
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| This man proved that a bacterium causes anthrax and provided experimental steps called Koch's postulates, to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease. |
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| Edward Jenner |
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| inoculated a person with cowpox virus, who then had immunity to smallpox. Vaccination is derived from vacca, for cow. Invented the immunization for smallpox |
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| Paul Erlich |
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| "magic bullet" that could destroy a pathogen without harming the host. - he developed a synthetic arsenic drug salvarsan, to treat syphillis. |
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| Alexander Fleming |
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| the first antibiotic, Penicillin. |
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| Bacteriology |
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| the study of bacteria |
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| Mycology |
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| study of FUNGI |
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| Virology |
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| study of fungi |
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| Parasitology |
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| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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| Immunology |
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| The stude of immunity |
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| Germ Theroy Disease |
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| the possibility that microorganisms may cause disease |
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| Microbial Genetics |
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| The study of how microbes inherit traits |
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| What is molecular biology |
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| the study of how DNA directs protein synthesis |
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| Genomics |
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| The study of an organism's genes; has provided new tools for classifying microorganisms |
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| What is Recombinant DNA |
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| DNA made from 2 DIFFERANT sources EX: Paul Berg inserted animal DNA into Bacterial DNA and the bacteriaa produces an animal protein |
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| What is Normal Microbiota |
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| Microbes normally present and on the human body. - They produce growth factors such as folic acid and Vitamin K - Prevent growth of pathogens |
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| Biofilms |
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| Microbes attach to solid surfaces and grow into masses. - They will grow on rocks, pipes, teeth, and medical implants. |
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| Prokaryotes |
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| 1. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane. 2. Their DNA is not associatedd w/ histones other proteins are associated w/the DNA 3. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles. 4. Thier cell walls almost always contain the complez polysaccharide peptidoglycan 5. The usually divide into 2 cells by binarry fission. OR -one circular chromosome NOT in a membrane - no histones -no organelles -Peptidoglycan cell walls if bacteria - Psedomurien cell walls if archaea |
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| Eukaryotes |
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| 1. Their DNA is found in the cell's nucleaus, which is seperated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes. 2. Their DNA is associated w/ chromosomal proteins called histones. 3. They have a number of membrane enclosed organelles. 4. Their cell walls are simple, chemically. 5. Cell division usually involves mitosis, in which chromosomes replicate and an i dentical set is distributed in each nuclei. |
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| Bacilius |
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| Rod Shaped |
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| Coccus |
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| Spherical |
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| SPiral |
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| corkscrew |
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| Diplococci |
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| Pairs of 2 |
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| Clusters |
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| many cells |
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| Chains |
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| Streptococci (chains of cocci) |
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| Glycocalyx |
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| Sugar Coating outside of the cell wall. -Usually Sticky - Capsule :neatly organized - Slime layer- unorganized and loose - Extracellular polysaccharide allows cell to attach - Capsules prevent phagocytosis |
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| Flagella |
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| - Outside the cell wall - Made of Chains of FLAGELIN - Attached to a protein hook - Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body. |
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| Flagella proteins are |
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| H Antigens |
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| Fimbrae |
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| - Allow Attachment - help filament attach to the surface - fimbrae are shorter |
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| Pili |
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| facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another. - gliding motility (smooth gliding movements) - Twitching Motility ( contact and retract ) |
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| Characteristics of the Cell Wall |
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| Main protective structure - prevents osmotic lysis - made of peptidoglycan ONLY IN BACTERIA! - Allows structure to not bust |
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| Peptidoglycan |
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| ONLY IN BACTERIA - Polymer of disaccharide - long chains of sugars. |
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| Gram-POSITIVE |
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| THICK Peptidoglycan Teichoic Acid ( help hold structures together) |
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| Gram - Negative |
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| -Thin Peptidoglycan - Outer membrane - Peiplasmic Space (layer of fluid) |
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| 3 components in the Gram negative outer Memebrane |
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| Lipopolysaccharides, Lipoproteins, and phospholipids |
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| In the Gram-Negative Outer memebrane Lipid A is |
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| an endotoxin |
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| Gram Positive will be what color |
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| PURPLE |
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| Gram - Negative will be |
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| Pink in color, it will not hold crystal Violet |
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| Gram- Positive has ___ ring basal body. It is disrupted by ______. |
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| 2 -Ring Basal Body, and Lysozyme |
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| Gram-Negative Cell wall has ___ ring basal Body. And __ cell walls. |
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| 4, 2 |
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| What are the 2 Bacteria that are acid fast? |
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| - Live gram positive Waxy Lipid bound to Peptidoglucan - Mycobacterium - Nocardia |
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| What are endospores |
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| Resting Cells - Resistant to desiccation, heat and Chemicals - Sporulation : Endospore Formation - Germination: Return to Vegetative State |
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| Steps in the Endosymbiotic Theory |
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| Early Cell -> Bacteria OR Archea or Eukarya -> Chloroplast OR Mitochondria OR DNA |
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| Taxonomy |
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| The science of classifying organisms - Provides univeral names for organisms - Provides a reference for identifying organisms |
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| Taxonomic Hierarchy |
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| Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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| Serology |
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| Combine ANTISERUM + Unknown Bacterium |
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| Elisa |
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| Enzyme- Linked immunosorbent Assay - known antibodies - unknown type of bacterium -Antibodies linked to enzyme -Enzyme substrate |
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| Cladogram |
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| Metabolism |
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| The sum of the chemical reactions in a organism |
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| What are the two types of metabolism |
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| Catabolism - Provides energy Anabolism - uses energy and building blocks to build large molecules |
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| What is the collision Theory |
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| states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules colide. Activation Energy- is needed to disrupt electronic configurations Reaction Rate - is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction |
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| Reaction rate can be increase by _______ or by increasing temperature or pressure |
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| Enzymes |
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| What are the components of an Enzyme |
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| Biological Catalysts - specific for a chemical reaction, not used up in that reaction. Apoenzyme: Protein Cofactor: Nonprotein Component Holoenzyme: Apoenzyme plus cofactor |
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| Important Coenzymes |
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| NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A |
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| What are factors that influence Enzyme activity |
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| Temperature and pH denature proteins |
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| Oxidation |
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| Removal of electrons |
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| Reduction |
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| Gain of electrons |
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| ATP is generated by the |
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| phosphorylation of ADP |
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| What is the purpose of Glycolysis |
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| the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH |
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| What is fermentation |
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| Any Spoilage of food by microorganisms (general use) Any process that produces alcoholic beverages or acidic dairy products Any Large Scale microbial process occuring with or without air |
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| Fermentation (scientific definition) |
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| Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules does not require oxygen does not use the kreb cycle or ETC Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor |
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| Photosynthesis |
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| Photo: Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP) Synthesis: Carbon fixation: Fixing Carbon into organic molecules Light-independent reaction: Calvin Benson cycle |
