Ethyl acrylate C5H8O2 structure – Flashcards

Flashcard maker : Kenneth Wheeler

Molecular Formula C5H8O2
Average mass 100.116 Da
Density 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point 99.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point 15.6±0.0 °C
Molar Refractivity 26.7±0.3 cm3
Polarizability 10.6±0.5 10-24cm3
Surface Tension 24.9±3.0 dyne/cm
Molar Volume 109.6±3.0 cm3
  • Experimental data
  • Predicted – ACD/Labs
  • Predicted – EPISuite
  • Predicted – ChemAxon
  • Predicted – Mcule
  • Experimental Physico-chemical Properties
    • Experimental Melting Point:

      -71 °C Alfa Aesar
      -71 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
      -71.2 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 20142
      -71 °C Jean-Claude Bradley Open Melting Point Dataset 13337, 15798, 7156
      -71 °C Alfa Aesar A15493
      -71 °C LabNetwork LN00193576
    • Experimental Boiling Point:

      99-100 °C Alfa Aesar
      211 F (99.4444 °C)
      NIOSH AT0700000
      99-101 °C Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Ethyl prop-2-enoate
      98-100 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
      99-100 °C Alfa Aesar A15493
      99 °C Oakwood 094594
      99 °C LabNetwork LN00193576
    • Experimental Ionization Potent:

      10.3 Ev NIOSH AT0700000
    • Experimental Vapor Pressure:

      29 mmHg NIOSH AT0700000
    • Experimental LogP:

      1.325 Vitas-M STL146609
    • Experimental Flash Point:

      -1 °C Alfa Aesar
      48 F (8.8889 °C)
      NIOSH AT0700000
      8 °C Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
      -1 °C Alfa Aesar
      -1 °F (-18.3333 °C)
      Alfa Aesar A15493
      60 °C LabNetwork LN00193576
    • Experimental Freezing Point:

      -96 F (-71.1111 °C)
      NIOSH AT0700000
    • Experimental Gravity:

      20 g/mL Merck Millipore 1171
      20 g/l Merck Millipore 1171, 800836
      0.924 g/mL Alfa Aesar A15493
      0.918 g/mL Oakwood 094594
    • Experimental Refraction Index:

      1.406 Alfa Aesar A15493
      1.403-1.409 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Ethyl prop-2-enoate
    • Experimental Solubility:

      2% NIOSH AT0700000
  • Miscellaneous
    • Appearance:

      Colorless liquid with an acrid odor. NIOSH AT0700000
      colourless liquid Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
      Colourless mobile liquid; lachrymator/intense, harsh, fruity aroma Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Ethyl prop-2-enoate
    • Stability:

      Stable, but may polymerize upon exposure to light. Highly flammable.Keep cool. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, peroxides and other polymerization initiators. Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
    • Toxicity:

      ORL-RAT LD50 800 mg kg-1, ORL-MUS LD50 1799 mg kg-1, IPN-RAT LD50 450 mg kg-1, SKN-RBT LD50 500 mg kg-1 Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
    • Safety:

      11-20/21/22-36/37/38-43 Alfa Aesar A15493
      3 Alfa Aesar A15493
      9-16-33-36/37 Alfa Aesar A15493
      Danger Alfa Aesar A15493
      DANGER: FLAMMABLE, cancer risk, causes narcosis, irritation Alfa Aesar A15493
      DANGER: FLAMMABLE, irritates skin, eyes, lungs Alfa Aesar A15493
      H225-H302-H312-H332-H315-H319-H317-H335 Alfa Aesar A15493
      P210-P261-P303+P361+P353-P305+P351+P338-P405-P501a Alfa Aesar A15493
      Safety glasses, gloves, good ventilation. Remove sources of ignitionfrom the working area. Oxford University Chemical Safety Data (No longer updated) More details
    • First-Aid:

      Eye: Irrigate immediately Skin: Water flush immediately Breathing: Respiratory support Swallow: Medical attention immediately NIOSH AT0700000
    • Exposure Routes:

      inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact NIOSH AT0700000
    • Symptoms:

      Irritation eyes, skin, respiratory system; [potential occupational carcinogen] NIOSH AT0700000
    • Target Organs:

      Eyes, skin, respiratory system Cancer Site [in animals: tumors of the forestomach] NIOSH AT0700000
    • Incompatibility:

      Oxidizers, peroxides, polymerizers, strong alkalis, moisture, chlorosulfonic acid [Note: Polymerizes readily unless an inhibitor such as hydroquinone is added.] NIOSH AT0700000
    • Personal Protection:

      Skin: Prevent skin contact Eyes: Prevent eye contact Wash skin: When contaminated Remove: When wet (flammable) Change: No recommendation Provide: Eyewash, Quick drench NIOSH AT0700000
    • Exposure Limits:

      NIOSH REL : Ca See Appendix A OSHA PEL ?: TWA 25 ppm (100 mg/m 3 ) [skin] NIOSH AT0700000
  • Gas Chromatography
    • Retention Index (Kovats):

      676 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.28 mm; Column length: 19 m; Column type: Capillary; Start T: 100 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: OV-101; Carrier gas: N2; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Horna, A.; Taborsky, J.; Churacek, J.; Dufka, O., Chromatography of monomers. IV. Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of C1-C6 n-alkyl and C3-C6 isoalkyl acrylates and their hydrogen halide and halogen addition derivatives, J. Chromatogr., 348, 1985, 141-149., Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column length: 2 m; Column type: Packed; Start T: 100 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Substrate: Gaschrom Q; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Winskowski, J., Gaschromatographische Identifizierung von Stoffen anhand von Indexziffem und unterschiedlichen Detektoren, Chromatographia, 17(3), 1983, 160-165.) NIST Spectra mainlib_290903, replib_107729, replib_228412, nist ri
      678 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.28 mm; Column length: 19 m; Column type: Capillary; Start T: 120 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: OV-101; Carrier gas: N2; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Horna, A.; Taborsky, J.; Dufka, O.; Matousek, P.; Churacek, J., Chromatography of monomers. II. Glass capillary gas chromatography of C1-C18 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids, J. Chromatogr., 325, 1985, 367-378.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      681 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.28 mm; Column length: 19 m; Column type: Capillary; Start T: 80 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: OV-101; Carrier gas: N2; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Horna, A.; Taborsky, J.; Dufka, O.; Matousek, P.; Churacek, J., Chromatography of monomers. II. Glass capillary gas chromatography of C1-C18 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids, J. Chromatogr., 325, 1985, 367-378.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      680 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column length: 3 m; Column type: Packed; Start T: 150 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Carrier gas: Ar; Substrate: Gas Chrom Q (80-100 mesh); Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Tiess, D., Gaschromatographische Retentionsindices von 125 leicht- bis mittelfluchtigen organischen Substanzen toxikologisch-analytischer Relevanz auf SE-30, Wiss. Z. Wilhelm-Pieck-Univ. Rostock Math. Naturwiss. Reihe, 33, 1984, 6-9.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      684 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column length: 12 ft; Column type: Packed; Start T: 150 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Carrier gas: He; Substrate: Celatom silanized (62-72 mesh); Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Ashes, J.R.; Haken, J.K., Gas chromatography of homologous esters. IX. Structure-retention increments of unsaturated esters, J. Chromatogr., 111, 1975, 171-187.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      664 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column length: 12 ft; Column type: Packed; Start T: 150 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Substrate: Celite 560 silanized; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Allen, I.D.; Haken, J.K., Gas chromatography of homologous esters. Part IV. Influence of stationary phase polarity on retention of unsaturated esters, J. Chromatogr., 51, 1970, 415-422., Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard non-polar; Column length: 12 ft; Column type: Packed; Start T: 150 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Substrate: Celite 560; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Germaine, R.W.; Haken, J.K., Gas chromatography of homologous esters. Part 2. Unsaturated esters, J. Chromatogr., 43, 1969, 43-47.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      644 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Semi-standard non-polar; Column type: Packed; Start T: 120 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: Apiezon L; Substrate: Celite 545; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Bogoslovsky, Yu.N.; Anvaer, B.I.; Vigdergauz, M.S., Chromatographic constants in gas chromatography (in Russian), Standards Publ. House, Moscow, 1978, 192.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      648 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Semi-standard non-polar; Column type: Packed; Start T: 160 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: Apiezon L; Substrate: Celite 545; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Bogoslovsky, Yu.N.; Anvaer, B.I.; Vigdergauz, M.S., Chromatographic constants in gas chromatography (in Russian), Standards Publ. House, Moscow, 1978, 192.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      992 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard polar; Column diameter: 0.23 mm; Column length: 46 m; Column type: Capillary; Start T: 100 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SP-1000; Carrier gas: N2; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Horna, A.; Taborsky, J.; Churacek, J.; Dufka, O., Chromatography of monomers. IV. Gas-liquid chromatographic studies of C1-C6 n-alkyl and C3-C6 isoalkyl acrylates and their hydrogen halide and halogen addition derivatives, J. Chromatogr., 348, 1985, 141-149.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      989 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard polar; Column diameter: 0.23 mm; Column length: 46 m; Column type: Capillary; Start T: 80 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SP-1000; Carrier gas: N2; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Horna, A.; Taborsky, J.; Dufka, O.; Matousek, P.; Churacek, J., Chromatography of monomers. II. Glass capillary gas chromatography of C1-C18 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids, J. Chromatogr., 325, 1985, 367-378.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      993 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Standard polar; Column diameter: 0.23 mm; Column length: 46 m; Column type: Capillary; Start T: 120 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SP-1000; Carrier gas: N2; Data type: Kovats RI; Authors: Horna, A.; Taborsky, J.; Dufka, O.; Matousek, P.; Churacek, J., Chromatography of monomers. II. Glass capillary gas chromatography of C1-C18 alkyl esters of acrylic and methacrylic acids, J. Chromatogr., 325, 1985, 367-378.) NIST Spectra nist ri
    • Retention Index (Normal Alkane):

      681 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.20 mm; Column length: 25 m; Column type: Capillary; Heat rate: 6 K/min; Start T: 50 C; End T: 250 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: OV-101; Carrier gas: N2/He; Phase thickness: 0.10 um; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: Zenkevich, I.G., Experimentally measured retention indices., 2005., Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard non-polar; Column type: Capillary; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: Vinogradov, B.A., Production, composition, properties and application of essential oils, 2004.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      677.6 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.53 mm; Column length: 30 m; Column type: Capillary; Heat rate: 10 K/min; Start T: 40 C; End T: 260 C; Start time: 5 min; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: DB-1; Carrier gas: He; Phase thickness: 3 um; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: J&W Scientific, Solvent Retention Data, 2003.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      675.1 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.25 mm; Column length: 60 m; Column type: Capillary; Heat rate: 4 K/min; Start T: 100 C; End T: 260 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: RTX-1; Carrier gas: He; Phase thickness: 0.25 um; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: Restek, Restek International, 1999 Product Guide, 1(1), 1999, 578-591, In original 578-591.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      682.8 (Program type: Complex; Column… (show more) class: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.33 mm; Column length: 25 m; Column type: Capillary; Description: 50 0C (10 min) ^ 5 0C/min -> 150 0C ^ 40 0C/min -> 250 0C (10 min); CAS no: 140885; Active phase: BP-1; Carrier gas: He; Phase thickness: 1.0 um; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: Raynor, M.W.; Waring, R.M.; Davies, I.L., The Analysis of Thermosetting Acrylic Polymers by Pyrolysis Capillary Gas Chromatography, J. Chromatogr. Sci., 25, 1987, 104-111.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      702 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Semi-standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Column length: 13.5 m; Column type: Capillary; Heat rate: 6 K/min; Start T: 35 C; End T: 225 C; Start time: 3 min; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: DB-5; Carrier gas: He; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: de Souza, M.D.C.A.; Vasquez, P.; del Mastro, N.L.; Acree, T.E.; Lavin, E.H., Characterization and cachaca and rum aroma, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54, 2006, 485-488.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      648 (Program type: Isothermal; Col… (show more) umn class: Semi-standard non-polar; Column length: 10 ft; Column type: Packed; Start T: 150 C; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: DC-400; Carrier gas: Helium; Substrate: Gas-Pak (60-80 mesh); Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: Anderson, D.G., USe of Kovats retention indices and response factors for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of coating solvents, J. Paint Technol., 40(527), 1968, 549-557.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      980 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard polar; Column type: Capillary; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: Carbowax 20M; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: Vinogradov, B.A., Production, composition, properties and application of essential oils, 2004.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      1009.7 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard polar; Column diameter: 0.53 mm; Column length: 30 m; Column type: Capillary; Heat rate: 10 K/min; Start T: 40 C; End T: 230 C; Start time: 7 min; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: DB-Wax; Carrier gas: He; Phase thickness: 1 um; Data type: Normal alkane RI; Authors: J&W Scientific, Solvent Retention Data, 2003.) NIST Spectra nist ri
    • Retention Index (Linear):

      678 (Program type: Ramp; Column cl… (show more) ass: Standard non-polar; Column diameter: 0.32 mm; Column length: 50 m; Column type: Capillary; Heat rate: 2 K/min; Start T: 40 C; End T: 260 C; End time: 40 min; CAS no: 140885; Active phase: DB-1; Carrier gas: He; Phase thickness: 1.05 um; Data type: Linear RI; Authors: Wu, P.; Kuo, M.-C.; Hartman, T.G.; Rosen, R.T.; Ho, C.-T., Free and glycosidically bound aroma compounds in pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 39(1), 1991, 170-172.) NIST Spectra nist ri
      683 (Program type: Complex; Column… (show more) class: Standard non-polar; Column length: 3.05 m; Column type: Packed; Description: 40C(5min)=>10C/min =>200C or 250C (60min); CAS no: 140885; Active phase: SE-30; Substrate: Supelcoport; Chromosorb; Data type: Linear RI; Authors: Peng, C.T.; Ding, S.F.; Hua, R.L.; Yang, Z.C., Prediction of Retention Indexes I. Structure-Retention Index Relationship on Apolar Columns, J. Chromatogr., 436, 1988, 137-172.) NIST Spectra nist ri

Predicted data is generated using the ACD/Labs Percepta Platform – PhysChem Module

Density: 0.9±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 99.5±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure: 38.2±0.1 mmHg at 25°C
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 33.9±3.0 kJ/mol
Flash Point: 15.6±0.0 °C
Index of Refraction: 1.402
Molar Refractivity: 26.7±0.3 cm3
#H bond acceptors: 2
#H bond donors: 0
#Freely Rotating Bonds: 3
#Rule of 5 Violations: 0
ACD/LogP: 1.33
ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 1.40
ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 6.83
ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 137.65
ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 1.40
ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 6.83
ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 137.65
Polar Surface Area: 26 Å2
Polarizability: 10.6±0.5 10-24cm3
Surface Tension: 24.9±3.0 dyne/cm
Molar Volume: 109.6±3.0 cm3

Predicted data is generated using the US Environmental Protection Agency’s EPISuite™

 
 Log Octanol-Water Partition Coef (SRC):
 Log Kow (KOWWIN v1.67 estimate) = 1.22
 Log Kow (Exper. database match) = 1.32
 Exper. Ref: Hansch,C et al. (1995)

 Boiling Pt, Melting Pt, Vapor Pressure Estimations (MPBPWIN v1.42):
 Boiling Pt (deg C): 100.51 (Adapted Stein & Brown method)
 Melting Pt (deg C): -70.73 (Mean or Weighted MP)
 VP(mm Hg,25 deg C): 38.4 (Mean VP of Antoine & Grain methods)
 MP (exp database): -71.2 deg C
 BP (exp database): 99.4 deg C
 VP (exp database): 3.86E+01 mm Hg at 25 deg C

 Water Solubility Estimate from Log Kow (WSKOW v1.41):
 Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L): 8717
 log Kow used: 1.32 (expkow database)
 no-melting pt equation used
 Water Sol (Exper. database match) = 1.5e+004 mg/L (25 deg C)
 Exper. Ref: RIDDICK,JA ET AL. (1986)

 Water Sol Estimate from Fragments:
 Wat Sol (v1.01 est) = 13296 mg/L
 Wat Sol (Exper. database match) = 15000.00
 Exper. Ref: RIDDICK,JA ET AL. (1986)

 ECOSAR Class Program (ECOSAR v0.99h):
 Class(es) found:
 Acrylates

 Henrys Law Constant (25 deg C) [HENRYWIN v3.10]:
 Bond Method : 1.23E-004 atm-m3/mole
 Group Method: 6.29E-005 atm-m3/mole
 Exper Database: 3.39E-04 atm-m3/mole
 Henrys LC [VP/WSol estimate using EPI values]: 5.803E-004 atm-m3/mole

 Log Octanol-Air Partition Coefficient (25 deg C) [KOAWIN v1.10]:
 Log Kow used: 1.32 (exp database)
 Log Kaw used: -1.858 (exp database)
 Log Koa (KOAWIN v1.10 estimate): 3.178
 Log Koa (experimental database): None

 Probability of Rapid Biodegradation (BIOWIN v4.10):
 Biowin1 (Linear Model) : 0.8741
 Biowin2 (Non-Linear Model) : 0.9966
 Expert Survey Biodegradation Results:
 Biowin3 (Ultimate Survey Model): 3.1181 (weeks )
 Biowin4 (Primary Survey Model) : 3.9323 (days )
 MITI Biodegradation Probability:
 Biowin5 (MITI Linear Model) : 0.8264
 Biowin6 (MITI Non-Linear Model): 0.9319
 Anaerobic Biodegradation Probability:
 Biowin7 (Anaerobic Linear Model): 0.7338
 Ready Biodegradability Prediction: YES

Hydrocarbon Biodegradation (BioHCwin v1.01):
 Structure incompatible with current estimation method!

 Sorption to aerosols (25 Dec C)[AEROWIN v1.00]:
 Vapor pressure (liquid/subcooled): 5.15E+003 Pa (38.6 mm Hg)
 Log Koa (Koawin est ): 3.178
 Kp (particle/gas partition coef. (m3/ug)):
 Mackay model : 5.83E-010 
 Octanol/air (Koa) model: 3.7E-010 
 Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi):
 Junge-Pankow model : 2.11E-008 
 Mackay model : 4.66E-008 
 Octanol/air (Koa) model: 2.96E-008 

 Atmospheric Oxidation (25 deg C) [AopWin v1.92]:
 Hydroxyl Radicals Reaction:
 OVERALL OH Rate Constant = 10.8667 E-12 cm3/molecule-sec
 Half-Life = 0.984 Days (12-hr day; 1.5E6 OH/cm3)
 Half-Life = 11.812 Hrs
 Ozone Reaction:
 OVERALL Ozone Rate Constant = 0.175000 E-17 cm3/molecule-sec
 Half-Life = 6.549 Days (at 7E11 mol/cm3)
 Fraction sorbed to airborne particulates (phi): 3.38E-008 (Junge,Mackay)
 Note: the sorbed fraction may be resistant to atmospheric oxidation

 Soil Adsorption Coefficient (PCKOCWIN v1.66):
 Koc : 11.85
 Log Koc: 1.074 

 Aqueous Base/Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (25 deg C) [HYDROWIN v1.67]:
 Total Kb for pH > 8 at 25 deg C : 2.440E-002 L/mol-sec
 Kb Half-Life at pH 8: 328.762 days 
 Kb Half-Life at pH 7: 9.001 years 

 Bioaccumulation Estimates from Log Kow (BCFWIN v2.17):
 Log BCF from regression-based method = 0.316 (BCF = 2.072)
 log Kow used: 1.32 (expkow database)

 Volatilization from Water:
 Henry LC: 0.000339 atm-m3/mole (Henry experimental database)
 Half-Life from Model River: 2.749 hours
 Half-Life from Model Lake : 113.9 hours (4.745 days)

 Removal In Wastewater Treatment:
 Total removal: 15.15 percent
 Total biodegradation: 0.08 percent
 Total sludge adsorption: 1.63 percent
 Total to Air: 13.44 percent
 (using 10000 hr Bio P,A,S)

 Level III Fugacity Model:
 Mass Amount Half-Life Emissions
 (percent) (hr) (kg/hr)
 Air 5.75 12 1000 
 Water 49.2 360 1000 
 Soil 45 720 1000 
 Sediment 0.108 3.24e+003 0 
 Persistence Time: 174 hr




 

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