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Psychological Disorder

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a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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a pscyhological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity

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Jack has always been a handful. He would tear through the house like a tornado. No toy or activity ever held his interest for more than a few minutes and often dart off without warning, unaware of the dangers of a busy street or crowded mall. Jack probably has

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ADHD

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Medical Model

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the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital

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A therapist says that psychological disorders are sicknesses an people with these disorders should be treated as patients in a hospital. This therapist believes in the

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Medical model

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DSM-5

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the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

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Most psychiatrists use ___ to classify psychological disorders

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DSM-5

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Mood disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes

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Depression, mania, and bipolar disorders are examples of

answer

Mood disorders

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Major depressive disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure

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...

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Major depressive disorder

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Bipolar disorder

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a mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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Formerly called manic-depressive disorder

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bipolar

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Mania

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a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common

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Brain activity slows during

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mania

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Women's risk of major depression is nearly ___ men's

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double

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What researchers use to tease out the genes that put people at risk for depression

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linkage analysis

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The part of the brain that is inactive during depressive states

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left frontal lobe

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Neurotransmitters that are scarce during depression

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norepinephrine and serotonin

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Many psychologists reject the "disorders-as-illness" view and instead contend that other factors may also be involved- for example, the person's bad habits and poor social skills. This view represents the

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biopsychosocial approach

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Biopsychosocial approah

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...

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The DSM-5's reliability stems in part from its reliance on

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structured-interview procedures

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One predictor of psychiatric disorders that crosses ethnic and gender lines is

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poverty

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The symptoms of ___ appear around age 10; ___ tends to appear later, around age 25

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phobias; major depression

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Schizophrenia

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a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression

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Psychosis

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a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

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Delusions

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beliefs that do not match reality

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A person with positive symptoms of schizophrenia is most likely to experience

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delusions

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Catatonia

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periods of immobility or excessive, purposeless movement

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People with Schizophrenia may hear voices urging self-destruction, an example of a(n)

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Hallucination

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Hallucinations

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sensory experiences without sensory stimulation from the environment

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Schizophrenia involves

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the altered perceptions, emotions, and behaviors of a mind split from reality

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Chance for recover from schizophrenia are best when

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onset is sudden, in response to stress

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People with chronic schizophrenia have abnormally low brain activity in the ___ lobes

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frontal

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Catatonia is to word salad as ___ is to ___

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negative symptom; positive symptom

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Like schizophrenia, meth and cocaine stimulate the activity of this neurotransmitter

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dopamine

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Nick was laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to an internal stimuli. On the bus home he was crying uncontrollably and burst into sudden anger. His excess behavior reflects schizophrenia's ___ symptoms

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positive

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The CDC recommendation that if women who will be more than ___ month(s) pregnant during the flu season, they should get a flu shot

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3

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Victor does absolutely nothing all day with no expression on his face. This type of absence of behavior is known as

answer

negative symotoms

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If a woman has schizophrenia, her identical twin's chances of being similarly afflicted are about ___ if they shared a placenta

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6 in 10

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Diagnosed with schizophrenia, Ophelia sometimes lapses into a zombielike state of apparent apathy known as ___

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flat affect

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Maternal famine and second-trimester influenza both increase the risk that their child will later develop schizophrenia by a factor of

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2

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Jared believes that schizophrenia refers to multiple personalities rather than a(n)

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split from reality

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In the context of schizophrenia, perception is to hallucination as cognition is to

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delusion

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A patient with schizophrenia often stands motionless in a corner for several hours. This state usually ends abruptly, and then the patient becomes quite agitated. The patient probably has ___ schizophrenia

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catatonic

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Toneless voice is an example of a(n)

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negative symptom

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Kiley complains that threatening voices are constantly telling him he is so evil he should kill himself. His perceptions are called

answer

hallucinations

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Flat effect

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lack of emotional reactivity by an individual

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There are an excessive number of receptor sites for ___ in schizophrenia patients

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dopamine

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In the context of schizophrenia, hallucination is to delusion as ___ is to ___

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perception; cognition

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Alex believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. She is most likely suffering from

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schizophrenia

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The relationship between the season in which people are born and the subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of ___ in this disorder.

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viral infections

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John incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that the FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. He is suffering from

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delusions

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Schizophrenic Josh is wearing a heavy coat outside on a sunny day. This is an example of what symptom

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disorganized thinking

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Disorganized thinking

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repetitive, purposeless actions, or behaviors that do not fit the situation

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Nearly 1 in ___ people will develop schizophrenia

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100

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Anxiety disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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Generalized anxiety disorder

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an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal

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panic disorder

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an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other fighting sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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phobia

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an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

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a disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions), actions (compulsions), or both.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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Dissociative disorders

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disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

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Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

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a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and altering personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder

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Anorexia nervosa

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an eating disorder in which a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight

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bulimia nervosa

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an eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging or fasting

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Binge-eating disorder

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significantly binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting

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Personality disorders

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psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

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Anti-social personality disorder

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a personality disorder in which a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

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Jenna became consumed with the need to clean the entire house and refused to participate in any other activities. This is an example of

answer

OCD

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The conditioning perspective purposes that phobias are

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learned behaviors that have relieved feelings of anxiety in the past

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These patients often come from middle-class families that are competitive, high achieving, and protective

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bulimia

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A personality disorder, such as antisocial personality, is characterized by

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hallucinations

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PET scans of murderer's brains have revealed

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more frontal lobe tissue than normal

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People who suffer from ___ are tense and apprehensive all the time

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generalized anxiety disorder

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Ever since childhood Diana has been eccentric. She exhibits emotionless disengagement to such a degree that she would most likely be diagnosed with

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schizoid personality disorder

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Many contemporary psychologists have turned to ___ perspectives to help explain anxiety disorders

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conditioning, cognitive, and biological

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People with this personality disorder are so fearful of rejection that it predisposes them to withdraw from society and expresses anxiety

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avoidant

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The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the ___ perspective

answer

psychoanalytic

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___ personality disorder expresses eccentric or odd behaviors

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schizoid

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Sigmund Freud proposed that, beginning in childhood, people repress intolerable impulses, ideas, and feelings. This theory uses a(n) ___ perspective

answer

psychoanalytic

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Dissociative disorders are characterized by the sudden loss of memory or identity termed a(n) ___ state

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fugue

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In stressful situations, people with ___ personality disorder show less fear and less autonomic arousal when compared with people unaffected by the disorder

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antisocial

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The ___ in the brain monitors our actions and checks for errors

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anterior cingulate cortex

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Someone with ___ personality disorder might display shallow, attention-getting emotions and go to great lengths to gain praise

answer

histrionic

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Histrionic

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This personality disorder exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors.

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Sigmund Freud described this disorder in terms of a "free-floating" anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

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Eccentric is to anxious as ___ personality disorder is to avoidant personality disorder

answer

schizoid

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The link between conditioned fear and general anxiety helps explain why anxious people are ___ to possible threats, and how panic-prone people come to associate anxiety with certain cues

answer

hyperattentive

question

Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain can also create dear circuits within the ___

answer

amygdala

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Trevor has always been extremely shy, but lately he has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing him. He avoids speaking in class and no longer goes to parties and starts to tremble whenever he is in a public place. He seems to be suffering from a(n)

answer

social anxiety disorder

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The fear of not just one object, but all objects that remind you of the original object

answer

stimulus generalization

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___ helps maintain phobias and compulsions after the arise

answer

reinforcement

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In humans, vulnerability to anxiety disorder is most likely to rise when an afflicted relative is

answer

an identical twin

question

People with this personality disorder have a hard time dealing with criticism, sometimes reacting with rage or shame

answer

narcissistic

question

___ percent of those with social anxiety disorder experienced their disorder after a traumatic event

answer

58

question

Xavier keeps to himself at work, is quiet, has a number of odd collections, some even call him eccentric. He has only one friend who comes over to drink with him. He may have ___ personality disorder

answer

schizoid

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