SOC101: Socialization (Chapter 4) – Flashcards
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anticipatory socialization
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Process by which knowledge and skills are learned for future roles
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creationism
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A literal interpretation of the Bible regarding the creation of humanity and the universe, used to argue that evolution should not be presented as established scientific fact
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disengagement theory
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Reduced interaction between older persons and others is unavoidable, mutual, and acceptable to both the individual and society, Functionalism.
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ego
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the part of you that mediates between the demands of the ID and Superego; ruled by the reality principle which tells you to wait until an appropriate time; uses the defense mechanisms to reduce anxiety
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feral children
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Very rare cases; a child who lived in isolation starting at a very young age and there by has remained unaware of human contact, behavior, and language. as in the case of Genie Wiley.
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generalized other
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George Herbert Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves
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id
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In Sigmund Freud's theory, the portion of the personality that contains our instincts and our irrational desires. It is largely unconscious and very demanding. It lives according to the pleasure principle, which is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.
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identity
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A component of self-concept characterized by persisting consciousness of being an individual, separate and distinct from others.
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imitation stage
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Mead's first stage of development.The period from birth to age 2. The stage at which children merely copy the behaviors of those around them without understanding their meaning.
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internalization
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During socialization, process by which children accept societal standards of conduct as their own.
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life course
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The changes in expected activities, roles, rights and obligations, and social relationships individuals experience as they move through culturally defined age categories
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looking glass self
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Cooley's (1902) idea that a portion of our self-concept is derived from others views of us, particularly if our self-concept is weak or ambiguous.
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negative reinforcement
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Removal of a stimulus after a particular response to increase the likelihood that the response will recur
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peers
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Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, location, are most appropriately referred to as ________.
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personality
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A pattern of relatively permanent traits, dispositions, or characteristics that give some consistency to people's behavior.
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play stage
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Mead's second stage in the development of role taking; children act in ways they imagine other people would. (3-6 y/o)
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positive reinforcement
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A situation in which a behavior or response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus. The stimulus increases the probability that the response will occur again.
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psychoanalytic theory
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A theory developed by Freud that attempts to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behavior
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resocialization
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Learning a radically different set of norms, attitudes, values, beliefs, and behaviors
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rite of passage
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A ceremony or ritual marking an individual's transition from one social status to another, especially marking the young person's transition to adulthood.
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role
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A set of explanations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.
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schema
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A conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world.
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self
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An awareness of one's social identity.
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self-concept
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One's own definition of who one is, including one's attributes, emotions, abilities, character, faults, and so on.
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significant others
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Specific people, such as parents, brothers, sisters, other relatives, and friends, who have a direct influence on our socialization.
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social control
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Attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
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social learning theory
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An approach that emphasizes the role of modeling, or observational learning, in the development of behavior.
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socialization
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Creation of voluntary associations and institutions which relate to economic and social goals, to cultural and recreational activities, to sport, to various professions, and to political affairs
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socialization agents
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The people, institutions, and organizations that exist to help ensure that socialization occurs.
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Stockholm Syndrome
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A phenomenon in which a hostage begins to identify and grow sympathetic to his or her captor
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superego
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According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong.
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Role
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The expected behaviors associated with a given status in society
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Socialization
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the process through which people learn the expectations of society.
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Internalization
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occurs when behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but simply accept them as correct
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Social Control
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the process by which groups and individuals within those groups are brought into conformity with dominant social expectations.
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Agents of socialization
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People, or sources, or structures that pass on social expectations.
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Family
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Agents of Socialization _________ (primary) The Media Peers Religion Sports Schools
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Media
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Agents of Socialization The Family (primary) The _______ Peers Religion Sports Schools
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Peers
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Agents of Socialization The Family (primary) The Media _____ Religion Sports Schools
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Religion
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Agents of Socialization The Family (primary) The Media Peers _______ Sports Schools
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Sports
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Agents of Socialization The Family (primary) The Media Peers Religion _______ Schools
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Schools
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Agents of Socialization The Family (primary) The Media Peers Religion Sports _______
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Biological Determinism
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Arguments that suppose that social and economic differences between races are the result of immutable, inherited, and inborn distinctions
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Gender Socialization
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The learning of gender roles through social factors such as schooling, the media, and family
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b (Socialization)
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The process through which people learn the expectations of society is called: a Social control b Socialization c Roles d Social learning
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a (sex)
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A person's biological identity of male or female is their: a sex b gender c gender identity d hermaphroditism
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a (roles)
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The expected behaviors associated with a particular status in society are referred to as: a roles b attachments c identity d hidden curriculum
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d (All agents of socialization influence one's gender formation.)
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Select the correct/true statement. a Sex and gender are the same thing. b Politics as an agent of socialization does not influence gender identity. c Only the media can negatively and positively influence one's gender identity. d All agents of socialization influence one's gender formation.
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Family
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Which do you consider most important and a primary agent of socialization?
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Symbolic Interaction
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Theory that believes that human beings make conscious and meaningful adaptations to their social environment.
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(Charles Horton) Cooley
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He develops the theory of "the looking glass self"; He proposes that the looking glass self emerges from: how we think we appear to others. how we think others judge us. how the first two make us feel proud, embarrassed, or other feelings.
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(George Herbert) Mead
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________ that childhood socialization as occurring in three stages: the imitation stage the play stage the game stage
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Imitation Stage
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First Stage: children merely copy the behavior of those around them. They simply mimic the behavior of another without much understanding of the social meaning of the behavior.
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Imitation Stage
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According to Mead this is an example of: A young child mimicking a male adult shaving.
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Play Stage
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Second stage: children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment. They are incorporating their relationship to the other, especially significant others.
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Play Stage
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According to Mead this is an example of: A child pretending to be his mother may talk to himself as the mother would.The child begins to develop self-awareness, seeing himself or herself as others do.
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Game Stage
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the child takes on multiple roles at the same time. These roles are organized in a complex system and the child develops a comprehensive view of the self. The child also understands how people are related to each other and how others are related to him or her.
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Game Stage
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This is the phase where children internalize (incorporate into the self) an abstract understanding of how society sees them. According to Mead this is an example of.
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Social Learning (Theory)
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________ _______ theory considers the formation of identity to be a learned response to external social stimuli.
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modeling
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Social learning theory it emphasizes the societal context of socialization. 1) ________ 2) reinforcement and encouragement
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reinforcement
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Social learning theory it emphasizes the societal context of socialization. 1) modeling 2) ___________
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Piaget
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Scientist whose theories are associated with Social learning theory.
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Functionalism
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Expressive role vs. Instrumental role. Gender socialization is functional. Accepts degrees of inequality.
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Conflict Theory
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Theory that proposes that socialization is the Influence of the media & corporations.
