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Experience

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The most crucial ingredient in all of learning is

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Classical Conditioning

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By learning to associate a squirt of water with electric shock, snails demonstrate the process of

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Classical Conditioning

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By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates

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Operant Conditioning

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Seals in an aquarium repeat behaviors (such as slapping/barking) to get people to throw them a herring. This best illustrates

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Learning Associations

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Conditioning is the process of

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Operant Conditioning

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Children often learn to associate pushing the vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying

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Classical Conditioning

answer

Pets who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their food best illustrates

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Pavlov

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The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by

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Pavlov

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The researcher most closely associated with the study of classic conditioning is

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Watson

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Who introduced the term behaviorism

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Behaviorist

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John B. Watson considered himself to be a

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Classical Conditioning

answer

Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering a series of painful vaccination shots. Which process accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells the alcohol?

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Conditional Responses

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The "psychic secretions" that interfered with Pavlov's experiments on digestion were

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Conditional Response

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A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a

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Sweating in Hot Weather

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Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

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Unconditioned Response

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In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the taste of food was a(n)

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Conditioned Response

answer

In Pavlov's experiments, the dog's salivation triggered by the sound of the tone was a

question

Acquisition

answer

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract its body to a light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The stage in which the flatworm's contraction response to light is established and gradually strengthened is called

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CS; US

answer

In classical conditioning, the ______ signals the impending occurence of the ______

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Before appropriate US

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A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly

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Shortly before the US

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For the most rapid acquisition of a CR, the CS should be presented

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A half-second before the food

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An experimenter plans to condition a dog to salivate to a light by pairing the light with food. The dog will learn to salivate to the light most quickly if the experimenter presents the light

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Extinction

answer

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ______ occurred

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Extinction

answer

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to go into 20 elevators a day. The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ______ of the patient's fear

question

Spontaneous Recovery

answer

The reappearance, after a time lapse, on an extinguished CR is called

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Spontaneous Recovery

answer

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

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Spontaneous Recovery

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Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates

question

CS; US

answer

Extinction occurs when a ______ is no longer paired with a ______

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Reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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Spontaneous recovery refers to the

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Generalization

answer

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates

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Generalization

answer

Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of

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Generalization

answer

Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his childhood bedwetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually anxious, this would best illustrate

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Generalization

answer

Toddlers taught to fear speeding cars may also begin to fear speeding trucks and motorcycles. This best illustrates

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Generalization

answer

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

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Generalization

answer

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3 year old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

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Generalization

answer

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

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Generalization

answer

2 year old Philip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip's newly developed tendency to fear all small animals demonstrates the process of

question

Discrimination

answer

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend, but not at the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

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Discrimination

answer

The ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus is called

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Discrimination

answer

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tine and not to other tones. This illustrates the process of

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Discrimination

answer

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bike. Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates

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Cognitive Processes

answer

The predictability, rather than the frequency of a CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ______ in conditioning.

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Cognitive Processes

answer

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves

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Cognitive Processes

answer

After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcoholism may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ______ in classical conditioning

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An organism's expectations that a US will follow a CS

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The cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on

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Survival

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Animals most readily learn the specific associations that promote

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Novel Tastes

answer

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

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Biological Predispositions

answer

Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by

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Biological Predispositions

answer

Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ______ on learning

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Generalization

answer

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responses with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

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May be produced through classical conditioning

answer

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

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CS

answer

To asses whether Mrs. Webster had Alzheimer's disease, researchers conditioned her to blink in response to a sound that signaled the delivery of a puff of air directed toward her face. In this application of classical conditioning, the sound was a

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Operant Conditioning

answer

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of

question

Operant Condtioning

answer

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

question

Operant Conditioning

answer

Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of betwetting. His changes in behavior best illustrates the value of

question

Operant Conditioning

answer

Because Saleem was spanked on several occasions for biting electric cords, he no longer does so. Saleem's behavior change best illustrates the value of

question

The Law of Effect

answer

B.F. Skinner's work elaborated what E.L. Thorndike had called

question

Chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward

answer

A Skinner box is a

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Skinner

answer

The psychologist most closely associated with the study of operant conditioning was

question

Successive Approximations

answer

An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing it's front paws on the ball and finally for only climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of

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shaping

answer

5 year old Trevor (Velez) is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

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shaping

answer

Because Mr.Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr.Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of

question

shaping

answer

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

question

shaping

answer

In order to teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

question

shaping

answer

On Monday, Johnny's mom gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time, and on Wed, the cookies were given to him only after a full hour of quiet play. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods though.

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positive reinforcer, negative reinforcer

answer

Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ____ is to _______

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Positive Reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding

answer

Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?

question

negative

answer

Escape from an aversive stimulus is a _____ reinforcer.

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reinforcer

answer

An event that increases the frequency of the behavior that it follows is a

question

positive reinforcer

answer

Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a

question

negative reinforcer

answer

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a

question

secondary reinforcer, primary reinforcer

answer

Money is to food as ____ is to ______

question

conditioned

answer

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power by association with a primary reinforcer is called a _______ reinforcer

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primary reinforcer, conditioned reinforcer

answer

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of good grades as ____ is to _______

question

applause for an excellent piano recital

answer

Which of the following is the best example of a conditioned reinforcer?

question

immediate reinforcers rather than delayed reinforcers

answer

In order to teach a dog to roll over on command, you would be best advised to use

question

immediate reinforcement

answer

Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a few drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of

question

continous, partial

answer

A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the bird to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use _____ reinforcement and then use ____ reinforcement

question

partial reinforcement

answer

The way slot machines award gamblers with money best illustrates

question

specified number of responses have been made

answer

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a

question

punishment

answer

Myron quit gambling after he lost over a thousand dollars betting on horse races. This best illustrates the effects of

question

punishment

answer

An event that decreases the behavior the precedes it is a

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