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reification

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To regard an abstract concept as a concrete entity is to commit the error known as _.

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socially

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Intelligence is a _ constructed concept.

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intelligence

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_ is the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

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general; specific

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One controversy regarding the nature of intelligence centers on whether intelligence is one _ ability or several_ abilities.

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factor analysis

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The statistical procedure used to identify groups of items that appear to measure a common ability is called _ _.

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general intelligence

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Charles Spearman, one of the developers of this technique, believed that a factor called g, or _ _ runs through the more specific aspects of intelligence.

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Thurstone; primary mental abilities

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Opposing Spearman, _ identified seven clusters of _ _ _.

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new problems

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Some psychologists believe that general intelligence evolved as means of helping people solve _ _.

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Savant Syndrome

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People with _ _ score at the low end of intelligence tests but posses extraordinary specific skills.

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multiple intelligences; physical; verbal; reasoning; predict

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Howard Gardner proposes that there are _ _, each independent of the others. However, critics point out that the world is not so just. People with mental disadvantages often have lesser _ abilities as well, and that some abilities, such as _ and _ skills, are more crucial than others. General intelligence scores _ performance on complex tasks and in various jobs.

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triarchic; academic; practical; creative

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Sternberg's _ theory distinguishes three types of intelligence: _ intelligence, _ intelligence, and _ intelligence.

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academic; social; only modestly

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Cantor and Kihlstrom distinguish between _ and _ intelligences. Support for this distinction comes from evidence that college grades _ _ predict later work achievement.

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emotional intelligence; perceive; understand; manage; use

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A critical part of social intelligence is _ _ - the ability to _, _, _, and _ emotions.

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facial emotions

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One research study found that 5-year-olds who could most accurately recognize and label _ _ later more easily made friends and effectively managed their emotions.

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recognize, predict, express, adoptive

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A test that measures overall emotional intelligence also measures its components: the ability to _ emotions in faces, _ them and how they change and blend, _ them correctly in varied situations, and to use them to enable _ or creative thinking.

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emotional

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Some scholars believe that the concept of _ intelligence stretches the idea of multiple intelligences too far.

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conscientiousness

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Although general intelligence is most important in occupations that are mentally demanding, successful people usually have other traits as well, such as _ and being well connected and extremely energetic.

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creativity; 120

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The ability to produce ideas that are both new and valuable is called _. The relationship between intelligence and creativity holds only up to a certain point-an average scores of about _.

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convergent; divergent

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Standard intelligence tests, which demand single correct answers to questions, measure _ thinking. Tests that allow multiple possible answers to problems measure _ thinking.

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social approval

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Teresa Amabile's research demonstrates that people are more creative when they are unconcerned about _ _.

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didn't

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Earlier studies _ show a clear-cut correlations between head size and intelligence score.

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volumes; MRI; more

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Newer studies that measure brain _ using _ scans reveal a _ significant correlation between brain size and intelligence score.

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synapses; plasticity; gray matter; memory; attention; language

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Autopsies reveal that the brains of highly educated people have more _ than do those of people with less education. Other evidence suggests that highly intelligent people differ in their neural _. Higher intelligence scores have been linked with more _ _ in brain areas known to be involved in _, _, and _.

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parietal; mathematical; spatial

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A study of Einstein's brain revealed that it was 15% larger in the lower _ lobe-known to be an important neural center for processing _ and _ information.

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frontal lobe; left; on both sides (of the brain)

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When people ponder intelligence test questions, an area in the brain's _ _ becomes especially active in the _ brain for verbal questions and _ _ _ for spatial questions.

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faster

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Studies looking at a range of tasks have found that people with high intelligence scores tend to process and retrieve information _ than people with low intelligence scores.

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quickly; complexity

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Other studies have found that the brain waves of highly intelligent people register stimuli more _ and with greater _.

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intelligence

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Tests that assess a person's mental capacities and compare them to those of others, using numerical scores, are called _ tests.

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Binet; mental; wasn't

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The French psychologist who devised a test to predict the success of children in school was _. Predictions were made by comparing children's chronological ages with their _ ages, which were determined by the test. This test _ designed to measure inborn intelligence.

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Standford-Binet; intelligence quotient

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Lewis Terman's revision of Binet's test is referred to as the _ _.This test enables one to derive an _ _ for an individual.

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a mental ability score; the same; 100

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Today's tests compute _ _ _ _ by comparing the individual's performance to the average performance of the _ age. These tests are designed so that a score of _is considered average.

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below; cultural

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When given intelligence tests in the early 1900s, immigrants arriving in the US often scored _ average. This is because the tests were based on a particular _ background.

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aptitude; achievement

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Tests designed to predict your ability to learn something new are called _ tests. Tests designed to measure what you already have learned are called _ tests.

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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; verbal comprehension; perceptual organization; working memory; processing speed

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The most widely used intelligence test is the _ _ _ _. Consisting of 11 subtests, it provides not only a general intelligence score, but also separate scores for _ _, _ _, _ _, and _ _.

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standardization

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One requirement of a good test is the process defining meaningful scores relative to a pretested comparison group, which is called _.

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normal

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When scores on a test are compiled, they generally result in a bell-shaped pattern, or _ distribution.

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restandardized; 100

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The Standford-Binet and WAIS are periodically _, thereby keeping the average score near _.

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decline; improved; Flynn Effect

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During the 1960's and 1970's, college entrance aptitude scores showed a steady _. At the same time, intelligence test performance _. This phenomenon is called the _ _.

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nutrition; economic

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Although the actual case of this effect is unknown, one explanation is that is due to improved _. The recent performance gains on the WAIS are greatest among people at the lowest _ levels.

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reliable

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If a tests yields consistent results, it is said to be _.

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test-retest

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When a test is administered more than once to the same people, the psychologist is determining its _-_ reliability.

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split-half

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When a person's scores for the odd- and even- numbered questions on a test are compared, _-_ reliability is assessed.

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+.9

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The Standford-Bient, WAIS, and WISC have reliabilities of _.

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validity

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The degree to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to is referred to as the test's _.

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content validity

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The degree to which a test measures the behavior it was designed to measure is referred to as the test's _ _.

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criterion; predictive validity

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The degree to which a test predicts future performance of a particular behavior, called the test's _, is referred to as the test's _ _.

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isn't; diminishes

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Generally speaking, the predictive validity of general aptitude tests _ as high as their reliability. The predictive validity of these tests _ as individuals move up the educational ladder.

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3

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Traditional intelligence tests before age _ generally do not predict future scores.

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increases; 7; holds

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During childhood, the stability of intelligence scores _ with age. After about age _, intelligence scores stabilize. A long-term study of mental ability in Scottish children revealed that this _ through late adulthood.

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mentally retarded;1%

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Individuals whose intelligence scores falls below 70 and who have difficulty adapting to life may be labeled _ _. This label applies to approximately _ of the population.

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Down Syndrome

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Mental retardation sometimes has a physical basis, such as _ _, a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome.

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mainstreamed

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The current view is that children with mild retardation should be integrated or _ into regular classrooms.

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healthy, adjusted, academically

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At the high extreme, Lewis Terman's "gifted children" turned out to be _, well-_, and unusually successful _.

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generally accepted

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The position that both heredity and environment exert some influence on intelligence is _ _ among psychologists.

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similar; gray matter; verbal; spatial

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The intelligence scores of identical twins reared together are more _ than those of fraternal twins. Brain scans also reveal that identical twins have similar volume to their brain's _ _, and those areas associated with _ and _ intelligence.

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alike; environment; age

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The intelligence test scores of fraternal twins are more _ than the intelligence test scores of other siblings. This provides evidence of an _ effect because fraternal twins, being the same _, are treated more alike.

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more; biological; adoptive

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Studies of adopted children and their adoptive and biological families demonstrate that with age, genetic influences on intelligence become _ apparent. Thus, children's intelligence scores are more like those of their _ parents than their _ parents.

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heritablity; 50-75

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The amount of variation in a trait within a group that is attributed to genetic factors is called its _. For intelligence, this has been estimated at __ %.

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recovery

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Studies indicate that neglected children show signs of _ in intelligence and behavior when placed in more nurturing environments.

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environmental

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Research evidence suggests that group differences in intelligence may be entirely_.

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spelling; verbally

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Girls tend to outscore boys on _ tests and are more _ fluent.

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evolutionary

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Working from an _ perspective, some theorists speculate that these gender differences in spatial manipulation helped our ancestors survive.

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biased

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In the sense that they detect differences caused by cultural experiences, intelligence tests probably are _.

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stereotype threat

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When women and members of ethnic minorities are led to expect that they won't do well on a test, a _ _ may result, and their scores may actually be lower.

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general; Charles Spearman

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In the theory of "g", the "g" stands for _ intelligence. The researcher who developed this theory was _ _.

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Savant Syndrome

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Howard Gardner believed that the occurrence of _ _ is evidence that we have multiple intelligences.

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bias questions

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The WAIS was intended to take _ _ out of intelligence testing.

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Factor Analysis

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_ _ helps to cluster related test questions so total scores can be more closely analyzed.

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depression

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Studies show that people with high emotional intelligence seem to be less prone to _.

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reliable

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Studies show that when people take ACT multiple times, they tend to earn similar scores. This means the ACT is highly _.

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low

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The heritability for differences between identical twins raised in different environments would be _.

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LL Thurstone

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The first person to theorize that there are multiple intelligences was _ _.

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Terman

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_'s ideas about IQ helped shape the Immigration Act of 1924. (eugenics)

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creative, analytical, practical

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Sternberg's 3 intelligences:

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validity

answer

a test that measures or predicts what it is intended to

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Thurstone and Spearman

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the first debate between general and multiple intelligence

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verbal and performance

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2 subgroups of Weschler's test:

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Spearman

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first person to coin the term "g-factor"

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11/9 x 100 = 122

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IQ of a person with a chronological age of 9 and a mental age of 11?

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achievement

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AP Psych test is an example of this type of test

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reification

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reasoning error of what we think something is concrete, but its not

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emotionally intelligent

answer

A person who can sacrifice short-term happiness in order to meet long-term goals is _ _.

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68

answer

_% of IQ scores fall in between 85-115

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Galtin

answer

this guy applied darwin's theory to intelligence

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