question

Imagine that you graphed the cumulative number of bar-press responses over time of four rats, each reinforced on a different one of the four schedules of intermittent reinforcement. Each rat's behavior is graphed on a separate line. The line with the greatest slope should be that displaying the behavior of the rat reinforced on the _____ schedule.

answer

variable-ratio

question

As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise the other if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of:

answer

secondary reinforcement and positive reinforcement.

question

A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:

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by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average rather than being fixed.

question

The process of teaching complex behavior by reinforcing ever closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:

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shaping

question

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

answer

Informing an employee that he has been demoted because of a poor job evaluation.

question

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of punishment?

answer

It tends to change behavior very slowly.

question

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers.

answer

primary

question

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example?

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Positive punishment - Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel takes $20 from her mom's purse

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The term reward is synonymous with:

answer

positive reinforcement only.

question

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

answer

Money

question

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model is known as _____.

answer

observational learning

question

A(n) _____ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.

answer

cognitive map

question

Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain.

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mirror

question

Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be picked up if he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, picking up Simon whenever he cries is a ________ for the baby.

answer

positive reinforcer

question

Gary takes his car to the auto shop for routine maintenance every 3,000 miles. He is trying to avoid a major repair bill in the future. His behavior demonstrates

answer

negative reinforcer

question

What principles of learning do behavior modification programs rely on in order to help people change?

answer

Operant

question

Kevin used to cry, whine, throw temper tantrums, and eventually start screaming in the department store whenever he wanted a toy. His mother would resist initially but when he would start screaming she would give in. Eventually, Kevin started with the screaming to get his toy. Kevin is demonstrating

answer

the law of effect

question

For the past month, Larry has been grounded each time he hits his little brother. Lately, Larry's misbehavior toward his little brother has decreased. Grounding Larry is an example of

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negative punishment

question

In Sweden, it is illegal for parents to spank their children. Since the laws were passed, youth rates of crime have

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remained the same.

question

Melvin is a new fifth-grade teacher. Unfortunately, many of his new students have a history of failing to complete their assignments. He wants to encourage his students to complete all of their assignments and to do well on them. From a behavioral perspective, Melvin should

answer

reinforce gradual approximations to the desired goal of completing 100% of the assignments.

question

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the check he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a _____ reinforcer.

answer

secondary

question

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule:

answer

by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.

question

A privately funded program pays low-income parents $50 every two months for each child who attends school regularly during that period. This incentive illustrates a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

answer

fixed-interval

question

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

answer

A café offers its customers a punch card. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched; when ten holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage.

question

Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is/are CORRECTLY matched with the type of learning it reflects?

answer

Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object - operant conditioning

question

_____ learning occurs without reinforcement.

answer

Latent

question

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

answer

Getting scolded

question

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

answer

Fixed-ratio

question

Josh has a crush on the girl at the movie rental store. He knows that she works every Thursday afternoon, so he only visits the store on Thursdays. Josh is operating on a ________ schedule.

answer

Fixed interval

question

Mary is a teacher in an inner-city school that is considered "at-risk" because of low student achievement scores. She notices that most of the students believe that academic ability or intelligence is a fixed, innate ability. What can Mary expect from students given this mind-set?

answer

They will exhibit learned helplessness in academically challenging situations.

question

The root of operant conditioning may be traced to _____'s early studies of hungry cats learning to escape from cages.

answer

Thorndike

question

Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:

answer

behavior and consequences.

question

Which of the following does not accurately reflect a distinction between classical and operant conditioning?

answer

Classical conditioning applies to voluntary behavior, while operant conditioning applies to involuntary behavior.

question

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative reinforcement?

answer

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.

question

Which of the following types of consequences is CORRECTLY matched with an example?

answer

Negative reinforcement - Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to sprinkle so he won't get wet

question

"Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated." This is the law of:

answer

effect.

question

The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is associated most prominently with _____.

answer

latent; Tolman

question

Recall Tolman's latent learning experiments in which rats learned to run a maze. What was the critical result?

answer

Rats that began to receive an incentive halfway through the experiment rapidly matched the performance of rats that had been reinforced from the beginning of the experiment.

question

Little Henry knows that when he goes shopping with Mommy and throws a tantrum, he never gets a treat. However, he also knows that if he throws a tantrum when Dad takes him, Dad always gives in. Little Henry is demonstrating

answer

discrimination

question

Tolman demonstrated that rats can learn to run a maze correctly even though they were never reinforced for successfully running through it. This demonstrated the phenomenon of

answer

latent learning

question

_____ punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.

answer

Negative

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Negative reinforcement:

answer

increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated.

question

Shirley refuses to put her name up for a promotion because she knows she will not get the job anyway. This is an example of

answer

learned helplessness

question

Cecil turns off all the lights in his house to avoid a huge electric bill. Cecil's behavior is an example of

answer

negative reinforcement

question

Matt wants to train his dog, Buster, to sit on command. He gives Buster a doggie biscuit each time Buster sits when commanded, but only for the first 10 trials. He then changes the rules. Buster now has to sit on command three times before he gets a biscuit. Matt first used a ________ schedule, and then a ________ schedule to train Buster.

answer

continuous reinforcement schedule; fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

question

Fred's parents are very inconsistent. Most of the time Fred climbs on the furniture without receiving any reprimands; however, sometimes he is punished for this behavior. Fred's parents cannot understand why he is not a better behaved child. Fred's parents are reinforcing his negative behaviors on a ________ schedule.

answer

partial reinforcement

question

Some bears kept in captivity allow veterinarians to routinely give them total body checkups. These bears open their mouths for teeth cleaning and present their paws for nail clipping. Your friend wonders how anyone could ever get these dangerous animals to be so cooperative without anesthesia. From your study of psychology, you quickly surmise that the bears have undergone an extensive ________ program.

answer

shaping

question

Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule

answer

continuous

question

Dr. Simonelli is a practicing behavior analyst. What does she do?

answer

She specializes in behavior modification techniques.

question

Sheryl makes pleasant small talk and pays her boss a compliment before asking for a personal day, because such a strategy was successful with a few of her previous bosses. This example most clearly illustrates:

answer

stimulus generalization

question

A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule:

answer

by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses rather than after a fixed number.

question

Kayla is selling her Girl Scout cookies in the neighborhood. She never knows how many houses she will have to visit before she sells all of her cookies. Kayla is operating on a ________ schedule.

answer

variable ratio

question

_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

answer

positive punishment

question

In operant conditioning

answer

the consequences of behavior produce change in the probability of the occurrence of the behavior.

question

Which of the following is NOT associated with Skinner?

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

David earns $1,000 every time his sales reach $100,000. For David, the bonus is an example of ________ reinforcement.

answer

positive

question

On the way home from work, you decide to explore a side street that you have passed on several occasions. You are surprised to find that it runs parallel to the expressway. Several weeks later, there is a major accident on your usual travel route so you take this alternate route home. This is an example of ________ learning.

answer

latent

question

Which process determines whether or not an imitated or modeled act will be repeated?

answer

Reinforcement

question

Nature is to nurture what _____ reinforcers are to _____ reinforcers.

answer

primary; secondary

question

Ewan is convinced that a woman across the bar is "sending signals." A learning theorist would term such signals:

answer

discriminative stimuli.

question

Carol gives her dog, Oscar, a treat each time he sits on command. Carol is using a ________ schedule to train her dog to sit on command.

answer

continuous reinforcement

question

If, through experience, you come to the conclusion that all things are beyond your control and therefore you should not even try, you are exhibiting

answer

learned helplessness

question

A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, putting on a sweater when your cold for example, which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

answer

negative

question

Which of the following is the response most parents give when asked why they physically punish their children?

answer

The parent was spanked as a child and his or her child also needs strong discipline.

question

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called:

answer

reinforcement

question

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

answer

Candy

question

A worker is paid $25 for every 20 wind chimes that she builds. On which schedule of reinforcement is she being paid?

answer

Fixed ratio

Part 2 (Punishment & Reinforcement) – Flashcards

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