question

memory

answer

internal record or pepresentaion of some pror event or experience. the mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve info

question

constructive process

answer

process of organizing and shaping info during processing, storing, and retrieval of memories

question

ESR model (encoding, storage, retrieval)

answer

memory model which suggests that memory is formed through these 3 processes

question

encoding

answer

process by which a mental representation is formed in a memory (getting info in)

question

the brain encodes...

answer

sensory info into a neural code it can understand and use (1st step of ESR model)

question

storage

answer

retention of encoding info over time (retaining info for future use) (2nd step ESR model)

question

3 stage memory model

answer

memory storage requires passage of info through 3 stages (sensory, short term, long term)

question

retrieval

answer

recovery of info from memory storage (recovering info, taken out of storage) (3rd step ESR model)

question

according to the 3 stage memory model...

answer

3 different storage boxes, or memory storages, hold and process info

question

sensory memory

answer

initial memory stage, holds sensory info. it has relatively large capacity but the duration is only a few seconds

question

iconic memory

answer

visual info, the visual image stays in sensory memory only about a half a second before it rapidly fades away

question

echoic memory

answer

a weaker echo of auditory input lingers for up to 4 seconds

question

short term memory (STM)

answer

2nd memory stage, temporarily stores sensory info and decides whether to send it one to long term memory (LTM). capacity limited to 5-9 items and it has a duration of about 30 seconds

question

how can you extend STM's duration and capacity

answer

chunking

question

if the info is important STM send it to...

answer

long term memory , otherwise it is lost

question

chunking

answer

grouping seperate piecesof info onto a single unit on the basis of similarity or some other organizing principle. extend capacity of STM

question

phome numbers and ssn are an example of...

answer

chunking

question

maintenance rehersal

answer

memory improvement technique of repeating info over and over to maintain it in short term memory

question

working memory

answer

alternative term for STM, emphasizes the active processing of info

question

long term memory

answer

3rd stage or memory, stores into for long periods of time. capacity is virtually limitless , and the duration is realitively permanent

question

how can you improve LTM

answer

organization, mnemonic devices, Encoding Specificity, Mood congruence, State-dependent retrieval, retrieval and rehearsal

question

State-dependent retrieval

answer

taking a drug like caffeine during retrieval equals better recall if drug was used during encoding

question

Encoding Specificity

answer

better recall when we use memory in the same context it was learned

question

Mood congruence

answer

better memory when mood during learning matches retrieval

question

retrival specific skills

answer

require you to recognize the correct response

question

retrival general skills

answer

require you to recall learned material by searching all possible matches in LTM

question

explicit/declarative memory

answer

subsystem within LTM that consciously staores facts, info, and personal life experiences

question

sematic memory

answer

subsystem of LTM (and E/D memory) that stores autobiographical events and the contexts in which they occured. a mental diary of a persons life

question

episodic memory

answer

records major events in our lives (subsystem of E/D memory)

question

implicit/nondeclaritive memory

answer

subsystem within LTM that uncousiously stores procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responces

question

priming

answer

prior exposure to a stimulus facilitates/ inhinits the processing of new info, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage (subsysyem of I/N memory)

question

mnemonic

answer

strategy/device that uses familiar info during the encoding of new info to enhance subsequent access to the info in memory

question

elaborative rehearsal

answer

techniques for improving memory by linking new info to previously stored materila, also known as deeper levels of processing

question

retrieval cue

answer

prompt/stimulus that aids recall/retrieval of a stored piece of info from LTM

question

encoding specificity principle

answer

principle that retrieval of info is improved if cues recieved at the time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding

question

retroactive interference

answer

a memory error in which new info interferes with remembering old info, its backward acting interfernece

question

proactive interference

answer

a memory error in which new info interferes with remembering new info, its a forward acting interference

question

tip of the tongue (TOT) phenomenon

answer

feeling that specific info is stored in your LTM nut being temporarily unable to retrieve it

question

misinformation effect

answer

a memory distortion that results from misleading post event info. Memories aren't an instant replay: they are reconstructed and altered each time they are retrieved, often influenced by info occurring after the event

question

serial position effect

answer

characteristic of memory retrieval in which info at the beginning and end of a series is remembered better than material in the middle. the order in which info is encountered effects memory

question

source amnesia

answer

memory error caused by forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution)

question

sleeper effect

answer

memory error in which info from an unreliable source that was initially discounted later gains credibility because the source is forgotten

question

distributed practice

answer

study technique in which practice/study sessions are interspersed with rest periods

question

massed practice

answer

study technique in which time spent learning is grouped into long, unbroken intervals. also known as cramming

question

long term potentiation (LTP)

answer

long lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory

question

flashbulb memory (FBM)

answer

recall of vivid, detailed, and near permanent images associated with surprising or strongly emotional events, it may or may not be accurate

question

retrograde amnesia

answer

loss of memory for events before a brain injury, backward acting amnesia

question

consolidation

answer

neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable

question

anterograde amnesia

answer

inability to form new memories after a brain injury, forward acting amnesia

question

alzheimers disease (AD)

answer

chronic organic brain syndrome characterized by gradual loss of memory, decline in intellectual ability, and deterioriation of personality

question

5 theories of forgetting

answer

Decay, Interference, Motivated forgetting, Encoding failure, Retrieval failure

question

decay

answer

(use it or lose it) Memory is stored in the form of connections between neurons (physical). Connections deteriorate over time, especially without use

question

interference

answer

competing memories

question

Retroactive interference

answer

new info makes you forget old info

question

Proactive interference

answer

old info interferes with remembering new info

question

Encoding failure

answer

never recorded. Sensory info traveled into STM but didn't get encoded into LTM. Failure to attend to details may result in partial encoding

question

Retrieval failure theory

answer

it's there, but not available (Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon)

question

factors that influence forgetting

answer

Misinformation effect, Serial-position effect Source amnesia, Sleeper effect, Spacing of practice, Culture

question

primacy effect

answer

beginning of a list is easier to recall

question

recencey effect

answer

end of the list is easier to recall

question

procedural memory

answer

motor skills and habits (I/N memory)

question

classically conditioned memory

answer

conditioned responces to conditioned stimuli

question

example of classically conditioned memory

answer

phobias

question

info in ... lasts only a few seconds or less and has a relitively large , but not unlimited, storage capacity

answer

sensory memory

question

the process of grouping seperate pieces of info into a single unit

answer

chunking

question

choosing the correct multiple choice option may serve as a ... for recalling accurate info from your LTM

answer

retrival cue

question

the encoding specificity principle says that info retrieval is improved when...

answer

conditions of recovery are similar to encoding conditions

question

according to the ... theory of forgetting, memory is processed and stored in a physical form, and connections between neurons deteriorate over time

answer

decay

question

the ... theory suggests that forgetting is caused byy 2 competing memories, particulary memories with similar qualities

answer

interference

question

sistributed practice is a learning technique in which...

answer

learning periods alternate with nonlearning periods

question

long lasting increase in neural excitability believed to be biological mechanism for learning and memory

answer

long term potentiation

question

vivid memory of a very emotional event

answer

flashbulb memory

question

lack of memory of events before a head injury

answer

retrograde

question

progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss that occurs most commonly in elderly people

answer

alzheimers disease

question

... memories are related to anxiety provoking thoughts or events that are supposedly prevented from reaching consciousness

answer

repressed

question

memory

answer

internal representation of some prior event/experience. a constructive process that organizes and shapes info

psyc ch7 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards