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is the reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior

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Shaping

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positive reinforcement is associated with the release of _____ in the brain.

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dopamine

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according to response deprivation theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have deprived of the opportunity to _________

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move about/ exercise

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the two process in two-process theory are ___

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pavlovian conditioning; operant learning

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secondary reinforcers are also called ____ reinforcers

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conditioned

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the first step is building a behavior chain is to do a _____ analysis

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task

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the reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction is called _____

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resurgence

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the presentation of a stimulus is _____ and the removal is _____ when referring to a stimulus change.

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positive; negative

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an EO (establishing operation) is anything that establishes conditions that improve the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a _____

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MO (motivating operation)

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negative reinforcement is also called _____ training

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avoidance escape

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name one parameter of reinforcement

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-contingency -delay (contiguity) -quality -magnitude -frequency

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refers to the likelihood that a reinforcer will follow a behavior

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contingency

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is the discontinuation of reinforcement for behavior, leading to a decrease in its frequency

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extinction

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shaping is used to help learners ______ ______ ________.

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acquire new behaviors

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response ____ ______ occurs when some responses are reinforced and others are not

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differential reinforcement

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name a limitation of shaping

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-can be time consuming -progress in not always linear and may be erratic -requires a skillful trainer who can recognize a subtle closer approximations -can be misapplied (problems or harmful behaviors can be accidentally shaped)

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name one of the early proponents of operant (instrumental) conditioning (hint: Skinner is not one of them)

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Thorndike & Watson

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behavior is selected by its consequence

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operant learning

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what is the three-term contingency

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A (antecedent stimulus)> B (behavior-operant response) > C (consequence stimulus: reinforcer or punisher)

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are environmental conditions or stimuli that precede behavior. what "triggers" or "sets off" the behavior

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antecedent

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schedules specify a particular amount or number of behavior that must occur for reinforcement

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ratio

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schedules change from one reinforcer delivery to the next

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variable

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which schedule produces a high stable rate of responding _____

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variable ratio (VR)

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the schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the ____

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fixed interval (FI)

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a reduction in response rate following reinforcement is called a _____

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post reinforcement pause (PRP)

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thinning a reinforcement schedule too rapidly or too much can produce ____-

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ratio strain

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PRE stands for ____

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Partial Reinforcement Effect

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____ rate of behavior matches (or is proportional to) the rate of reinforcement

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Matching Law

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Thorndike studied animal learning as a way of measuring animal ____

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intelligence

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according to Thorndike's ____ _____ ____, the strength of a behavior depends on ___ _______

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law of effect

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positive and negative reinforcement have this in common: both _______ behavior

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strengthen

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in the _____ _____ procedure, the behavior ends the trial

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discrete time

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the fact that Albert reached for the rat just before the loud noise occurred means that ______ learning was involved

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operant

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A typical chain might include picking up a toothbrush, dampening the brush under the spigot, putting toothpaste on it, moving the bush against the teeth, rinsing the brush, and returning the brush to its container. Obviously, the chain could be extended considerably.

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The Odd Couple's

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Weil wanted to separate the effects of _____ of reinforcement and ______ of reinforcements.

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delay

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in general, the more you increase the amount of a reinforcer, the ____ benefit you get from the increase

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less

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according to the Premark principle, _________ behavior reinforces _________ behavior.

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high-probability/likely/strong; low probability/unlikely/weak

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reinforcement occurs when the consequence of a behavior ______ _____ ______ ______ the behavior

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increases the strength of

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Thorndike's early research used a _______ trial procedure, whereas Skinner used a _______ operant procedure.

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discrete; free

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Kennon Lattal found that he could not shape disk pecking is a pigeon's if the reinforcer were _____

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delayed

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According to David Premack, reinforcement involves a relation between two _____

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responses

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According to ______ _______ theory, an activity becomes reinforcing when an individual is prevented from engaging is it at the baseline rate

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response deprivation

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A ______ reinforcer or _______ ________ is a "natural" reinforcer such as food, water, sex, temperature regulation. _______ ______ stimuli that have effect on life (biological maintenance, survival) effectiveness dependent on state of deprivation and satiation

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unconditioned; primary reinforcer; (primary SR+)

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value has been learned (not biological). May need to be taught (using pairing before effective). Social stimuli praise, preferred activities, money and symbolic representation such as tokens, grades.

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secondary reinforcers; conditioned reinforcers (Sr+)

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is that in operant learning, an important environmental event is contingent on behavior. i.e. you must do something to get food from a vending machine or music from saxophone. A stimulus (the reinforcing or punishing consequence) is contingent on a behavior. Pavlovian conditioning, an important event occurs but it is independent of behavior; one stimulus (the US) is contingent on another stimulus (the CS).

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difference between operant learning and Pavlovian learning?

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"Law of Effect" and used puzzle boxes for cats to try and escape.

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Edward Thorndike

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Advocated a new approach to studying psychology- objective science. Coined "behaviorism" term. Two-term contingency: S>R (stimulus>response). Complex behavior explained by long chains of S-R connections.

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John B. Watson

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developed the theory of operant conditioning. Invented the Skinner box where an animal could be isolated from outside distractions. Cumulative recorder. Made individual not group the objective experimental study.

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Burhus Federic Skinner

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automatic behavior that occurs without reinforcement

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autoshaping

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begin with the last link in the chain and work backward toward the first element

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backward chaining

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a number of acts in a particular sequence

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behavior chain

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training a person to perform a behavior chain

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chaining

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a stimulus change that follows a behavior of interest (usually) immediately after or temporally close to behavior). Serves to "get something", "avoid something/someone" or "intrinsically maintained". Reinforcer or Punisher. The action and effect of consequences on behavior determine if it is reinforcement or punishment.

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consequence

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refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and its consequence

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contingency

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the gap between a behavior and its reinforcing consequence has a powerful effect on the rate of operant learning. Shorter the interval is, the faster learning occurs

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contiguity

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events that have been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior

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contrived reinforcer

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the behavior of the participant ends the trial

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discrete trial procedure

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motivational states

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drive

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reinforcers reduce a drive caused by physiological deprivation of (sleep, water, oxygen, sexual stimulation)

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drive-reduction theory (Hull's theory of reinforcement)

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a neurotransmitter known as adrenaline

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Epinephrine

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reinforces behavior in negative reinforcement is escaping from an aversive stimulus

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escape-avoidance learning

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abrupt increase in the behavior on extinction

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extinction burst

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reinforcing performance of the first link in the chain

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forward chaining

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behavior can be repeated any number of times

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free operant procedure

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the nature of the consequence is irrelevant. The behavioral Effect of the consequence is all important

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functional analysis

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reinforcers that have been paired with many different kinds of reinforcers can be used in a wide variety of situations

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generalized reinforcer

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Behaviors leading to satisfying state of affairs are strengthened (stamped in), while behaviors leading to an unsatisfying state of affairs are weakened (stamped out)

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Law of Effect

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an antecedent event that alters the effectiveness of a given reinforcer. Anything that establishes conditions that improve the effectiveness of a reinforcer.

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motivating operation (MO)

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Establishing Operation (EO): Deprivation Sr+ and Aversive stimulation Sr- and Abolishing Operation (AO): satiation Sr+

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types of MOs

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events that follow automatically-naturally from the behavior

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natural reinforcer

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a behavior is strengthened by the removal of or a decrease in the intensity of a stimulus.

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negative reinforcement

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something the individual tries to escape or avoid

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negative reinforcer

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a behavior is followed by the appearance of or an increase in the intensity of, a stimulus.

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positive reinforcement

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is the stimulus, ordinarily something the individual seeks out.

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postive reinforcer

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Skinner found that the type of reinforcement which produces the slowest rate of extinction (i.e. people will go on repeating the behavior for the longest time without reinforcement) is_________ The type of reinforcement which has the quickest rate of extinction is __________.

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variable-ratio reinforcement; continuous reinforcement.

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An animal/human is positively reinforced every time a specific behaviour occurs, e.g. every time a lever is pressed a pellet is delivered and then food delivery is shut off.

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Continuous Reinforcement

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Behavior is reinforced only after the behavior occurs a specified number of times. E.g. one reinforcement is given after every so many correct responses, e.g. after every 5th response. For example a child receives a star for every five words spelt correctly.

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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement

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One reinforcement is given after a fixed time interval providing at least one correct response has been made. An example is being paid by the hour. Another example would be every 15 minutes (half hour, hour, etc.) a pellet is delivered (providing at least one lever press has been made) then food delivery is shut off.

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Fixed Interval Reinforcement

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Behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of times. For examples gambling or fishing.

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Variable Ratio Reinforcement

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Providing one correct response has been made, reinforcement is given after an unpredictable amount of time has passed, e.g. on average every 5 minutes. An example is a self-employed person being paid at unpredictable times.

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Variable Interval Reinforcement

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naturally or innately reinforcing. ex. food, water, sexual stimulation, relief from heat and cold, and certain drugs. Unconditioned SR whose effects are not dependent upon learning

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primary reinforcer

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(consequence) ex. spanking and or isolation- follows the behavior probability of the behavior decreases

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punisher

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procedure/phenomenon and or effect. ex. spanking decreases or increase. Contingent on a response. Stimulus presented (positive) or removed stimulus (negative).

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punishment

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(consequence)- follows the behavior; future probability of the behavior increases

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reinforcer

question

procedure/ phenomenon and or effect. ex. an increase in the strength of behavior due to its consequence. Contingent on a response. Stimulus presented (positive) or aversive removed (negative)

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reinforcement

question

different kinds of behavior have different values, relative to one another, at any given moment. Relative values determine the reinforcing properties of behavior.

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Relative value theory (Premark Principle)

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is that behavior becomes reinforcing when the individual is prevented from engaging in it at its normal frequency. All behaviors have a "natural" baseline level of occurrence- if you restrict below this level, access to the behavior becomes a reinforcer.

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Response deprivation theory

question

reinforcers involved in positive reinforcement are usually things people consider rewarding

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reward learning

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a phenomenon where most primary reinforcers lose their effectiveness rather quickly

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satiation

question

those that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers. ex. praise, recognition, smiles, and positive feedback. Conditioned Sr whose effects are acquired through pairing with other reinforcers

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secondary reinforcer

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reinforcement delivered by an agent (person)

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mediated source of reinforcement (social)

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reinforcement directly produced by a response

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automatic source of reinforcement

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biology- natural selection behavior- reinforcement, extinction culture- benefits/ costs to the survival of the group

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Selection by consequence: three levels

question

modification of response topography through differential reinforcement for other behaviors

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shaping

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the rate at which behavior occurs once it has begun is called the ____ _____

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run rate

question

in FT and VT schedules, reinforcement is contingent on time rather than behavior

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time; behavior

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the thinner of the two schedules, FR3 and VR4?

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VR4

question

you could do something analogous to stretching the ratio by ______-

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stretching the interval

question

the frustration and sequential hypotheses are both variations of the _______ hypothesis

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discrimination

question

the difference between multiple and mixed schedules is that in _____ schedules there is a signal that the schedule has changed

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multiple

question

The rate of behavior matches (or is proportional) the rate of reinforcement. The Kassinove and Schare study suggest that near misses can serve as

answer

reinforcers

Psy Learning and Behavior Exam #2 (4, 5, 6) 6th edt – Flashcards

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