question

explain the differences between the gestalt and the behaviorist revolts against wundtain psychology

answer

wundtian: all about consciousness and breaking it down to its smallest parts • gestalt: breaking consciousness down to its smallest parts is irrelevant • behaviorists: consciousness is irrelevant

question

what did the gestalt psychologists mean by the expression, "the whole is different from the sum of its parts" and "there is more to perception than meets the eye"?

answer

conscious experience must be studied in its wholeness

question

if you look at a book on the table and say, "i see a book on the table", what error would you be making according to titchener?

answer

stimulus error: not having good introspection

question

describe some of the principles of perceptual organization?

answer

SSCCPF • similarity • simplicity • continuity • closure • proximity • figure ground

question

how does insight learning differ from trial and error learning described by thorndike?

answer

• insight learning: purposeful (action based on insight) • trial and error: non purposeful (action based on accidental discovery)

question

on what grounds has gestalt psychology been criticized?

answer

• theoretically oriented • not much empirical research • very vague

question

on what grounds did gestalt psychologists criticize behaviorism?

answer

• behavior should be looked at as a whole, not these insignificant parts • completely disregards consciousness

question

How were the mentally ill dealt with before the time of Freud?

answer

• Religious Views- caused by possessions of evil spirits, cure was intense prayer and rituals or even torment and death. • Later views saw that they had irrational behavior, needed to be locked up away from society. Treated like freak shows, inhumane torture. • People began to push that there was something wrong with them, they needed to have humane treatment and needed to be cured.

question

In what ways was psychoanalysis influenced by Freud's own childhood experiences and by his own views on sexuality?

answer

• Oedipus Complex- strong attachment with his mother, fear of his father. Had a dream where he feared of his mother's possible death, later interpreted that as his desire to sleep with his mother. • Resentful to his sibling

question

Why was the case of Anna O. of such importance in Freud's thinking?

answer

• marked beginning of psychoanallysis • 1st "talking cure" case reported. Treatment based on his theory of catharsis

question

What was the controversy about Freud's view of childhood seduction experiences?

answer

• "Scientific Fairytale" • Ultimately said that everyone was sexually abused as children, which caused these experiences- people said it was impossible that everyone could be abused by their fathers/mothers • Changed his theory to say that his patients wished that they were abused and that they were comfortable with their little fantasies

question

Psychosexual stages of development

answer

Oral (0-2 years) Anal (2-4 years) Phallic (about 4-5) Latency (5-12 years) Genital (12 years+)

question

What is the significance of the psychosexual stages of development?

answer

• Each stage was where the area in which children found sexual pleasure. Only with a certain amount of gratification could they be successful at leaving the stage. Too much or too little left the child with a fixation. • Focused on human development, said children were sexual • What happens in your past matters-what happens then will carry on into your adult life

question

What is the relationship between psychoanalysis and mainstream academic psychology?

answer

• Psychoanalysis eventually became a base for mainstream psychology...BUT • Unsystematic • No methodology • Can't be generalized to the masses

question

What criticisms have been made of Freud's methods of collecting data? How did Freud believe his concepts should be tested?

answer

• Wrote down his notes long after the session was over, it was all from his memory. • Only psychoanalysis' could understand his findings

question

What, in general, has been the impact of psychoanalysis on psychology and on popular culture?

answer

• Psychology- Child development, and the role of the unconscious on behavior. Past events and traumas can have an impact on the adult life • Pop Culture- people became more expressive about sexual needs (due to effects of sexual repression), fascination with the battle between the id and ego, the power of the unconscious drives is seen all over television and literature (pleasure seeking vs being moral in society, ex. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Psycho) • Dream Analysis- what do they mean? • "Talking it out helps"

question

What personal experiences influenced Maslow's approach to psychology?

answer

• traumatized by the mother • father was a drunk womanizer • formed his approach: what happens to you in childhood affects you for the rest of your life, and a loving healthy relationship with family is crucial!

question

How did the changing Zeitgeist in social science influence the later development of psycholoanalysis?

answer

environmental influences on humans became much more important and respected

question

How did Jung's analytic psychology differ from Freudian psycholoanalysis?

answer

• built on archetypes • less sexual focus • unconscious didn't run as deep • more about the future influencing personality rather than the past

question

On what issues did Adler and Freud disagree?

answer

• Adler was about the continuity of personality (rather than Id, Ego, Super Ego) • Adler was for the liberation and equality of women (Freud was sexist) • Adler was for nurture (Freud was for nature)

question

Explain what Adler meant by "style of life".

answer

it reflects the individual's unique, unconscious, and repetitive way of responding to (or avoiding) the main tasks of living: friendship, love, and work. This style, rooted in a childhood prototype, remains consistent throughout life, unless it is changed through depth psychotherapy.

question

According to Adler's theory, how did inferiority feelings develop?

answer

• everybody feels inferior about something • you figure out as a child how to overcome the inferiority (if you have a healthy personality)

question

What lasting contributions to psychology have been made by Adler and Jung?

answer

• archetypal ideas/universal language • extravert/introvert • birth order

question

How were Horney's views of personality influenced by her childhood experiences?

answer

• mother left her father at a young age • rebelled against father and had strong attachment to mother, but mother favored brother • believed we all have a basic anxiety from not getting love and approval that we need

question

In what ways did Freud and Horney differ in their views of feminine psychology?

answer

• womb envy vs. penis envy • sexism towards women vs. sexism towards men

question

On what grounds did the humanistic psychologists criticize behaviorism and psychoanalysis?

answer

• too heavily focused on sexuality • very bleak and negative

question

For what reasons did the humanistic psychology fail to reach it's goal of transforming psychology?

answer

• way too mystical - relied on things that could not be measured

question

In your opinion, will the positive psychology movement have a more lasting influence on the field then the humanistic movement did? Why or why not?

answer

• positive psych: can influence your mood by doing happy things

question

What were the precursors of cognitive psychology?

answer

• The Zeitgeist changed, where some of the questions can't be explained regarding behavior. • cognitive psychology recognized the importance of consciousness even though it is difficult to observe it.

question

How did the Zeitgeist in physics influence cognitive psychology?

answer

In physics we find that there are things we can't measure yet exists, thus cognitive psychology shares the same idea

question

In what ways did cognitive psychology differ from behavioral psychology?

answer

• focuses on the processes of behaviors, and thinking while behavioral focuses on mechanistic nature of stimuli • cares about how we organize information and experiences, behaviorists ignore it • believe in free will

question

What does the term "ecological validity" mean?

answer

• Part of what school of thought in psychology you agree in is based on what kind of answers they are trying to seek • Psychology: goal: should be used find solutions to everyday life problems, based on ecological validity, want to do it because there's an end state for what we do, giving it purpose

question

What practical need in World War II led to the development of the modern computers?

answer

• US Army needed a faster method for making rapid calculations which spurred the development of the first giant computer • Why the interest in Artificial Intelligence? Computers are a model for human cognition and thus at some point reach a state where it becomes intelligent

question

How are the Turing Test and the Chinese Room problem used to examine the proposition that computers can think?

answer

• Turing Test: test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human • Chinese Room: implies that computers can't think and can only follow directions, it appears as if we are communicating

question

How does cognitive neuroscience relate to earlier to attempts to explain brain functioning?

answer

To explain brain functions, mapping out the brain

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