PPR definitions – Flashcards

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Accommodation
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a convenient arrangement; a settlement or compromise
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Adaptation
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adjusting the way you teach a lesson depending on the best way the students learn
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Admission Review and Dismissal (ARD)
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This is the name of the committee responsible for making the educational decisions for a student. The parents, or adult students, are members of the ARD committee.
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Assessment
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the evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something.
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Assimilation
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the process of taking in and fully understanding information or ideas.
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Assistive Technology
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any item, piece of equipment, or product system, whether acquired commercially off the shelf, modified, or customized, that is used to increase, maintain, or improve functional capabilities of a child with a disability.
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Authentic Assessment
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measurement of "intellectual accomplishments that are worthwhile, significant, and meaningful," as contrasted to multiple choice standardized tests. Authentic assessment can be devised by the teacher, or in collaboration with the student by engaging student voice.
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Autonomous Morality
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The second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory, displayed by older children (about 10 years of age and older). The child becomes aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences.
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Best Practices
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technique or methodology that, through experience and research, has proven to reliably lead to a desired result. A commitment to using the best practices in any field is a commitment to using all the knowledge and technology at one's disposal to ensure success.
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Bilingual Education
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education in an English-language school system in which students with little fluency in English are taught in both their native language and English.
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Bloom's Taxonomy
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a classification system used to define and distinguish different levels of human cognition—i.e., thinking, learning, and understanding.
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Calling Order
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depending on the material, how you ask for the answer
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Cambourne's Conditions for Learning
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According to Brian Cambourne, there are seven conditions of learning: immersion, demonstration, engagement, expectation, use, approximation, and response.
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Centration
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the tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects. Introduced by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget through his cognitive-developmental stage theory, centration is a behavior often demonstrated in the preoperational stage.
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Choral Response
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an efficient method of having students respond to questions or rehearse information when answers are short and the same.
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Class Inclusion
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question form and distributive comparisons. Shipley EF. The class-inclusion task is regarded by Piaget as a measure of the child's mastery of the structure of hierarchical classification. Class-inclusion was improved by changing the wording of the question to conform to standard English usage.
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Classical Conditioning
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a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
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Classroom Climate
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the classroom environment, the social climate, the emotional and the physical aspects of the classroom. It's the idea that teachers influence student growth and behavior.
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Computer-Assisted Instruction
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an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process.
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Concrete Operational Stage
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the stage of cognitive development in which a child is capable of performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts.
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Conflict Contaminants
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conditions that primarily exacerbate disagreements
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Conflict Resolution
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the process by which two or more parties engaged in a disagreement, dispute, or debate reach an agreement resolving it. Several skills are needed for you to resolve conflicts in the workplace effectively.
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Conservation
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study of man's intelligent use of his natural environment through the development, management, preservation, and renewal of natural resources for his material, cultural, and aesthetic needs to benefit present and future generations.
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Conventional Level of Morality
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Most adults hold moral principles that are generally based on compliance with social norms and a recognition that those social norms help preserve social order. To American psychiatrist Lawrence Kohlberg, this is called conventional morality.
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Cooperative Learning
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successful teaching strategy in which small teams, each with students of different levels of ability, use a variety of learning activities to improve their understanding of a subject.
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Criterion-referenced Test
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a style of test which uses test scores to generate a statement about the behavior that can be expected of a person with that score. Most tests and quizzes that are written by school teachers can be considered criterion-referenced tests.
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Critical Thinking
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the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment.
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Cross Age
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tutoring other ages besides yours
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Developmentally Appropriate Education
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a perspective within early childhood education whereby a teacher or child caregiver nurtures a child's social/emotional, physical, and cognitive development by basing all practices and decisions on (1) theories of child development
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Direct Instruction
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usually to teach a specific skill. It is a teacher-directed method, meaning that the teacher stands in front of a classroom and presents the information.
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Discovery Learning
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a technique of inquiry-based learning and is considered a constructiveness based approach to education. It is supported by the work of learning theorists and psychologists Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, and Seymour Papert.
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Disequilibrium
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Piaget's theory, creates a state of disequilibrium, or an imbalance between what is understood and what is encountered.
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Distributed Practice
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(also known as spaced repetition or spaced practice) is a learning strategy, where practice is broken up into a number of short sessions - over a longer period of time.
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Educators' Code of Ethics
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The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help them evaluate the consequences of and accept the responsibility for their actions and choices.
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Egocentric
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a concept derived from Jean Piaget's (1951) theory of cognitive development, refers to a lack of differentiation between some aspect of self and other. ... The inability to decenter from one's own perspective results in egocentric confusion of social perspectives.
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English as a Second Language (ESL)
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a traditional term for the use or study of the English language by non-native speakers in an English-speaking environment. ... Also known as English for speakers of other languages.
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Equilibration
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an inner sense of balance between old and new thoughts.
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Erikson's Theory of Psychosocial Development
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a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
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Ethnicity
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The term race refers to groups of people who have differences and similarities in biological traits deemed by society to be socially significant, meaning that people treat other people differently because of them. ... Racism, then, is prejudice based on socially significant physical features.
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Evaluation
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the collection of, analysis and interpretation of information about any aspect of a programme of education or training as part of a recognised process of judging its effectiveness, its efficiency and any other outcomes it may have." ... Evaluation is a planned systematic and open endeavour.
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Fair Use Guidelines
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a legal concept that allows the reproduction of copyrighted material for certain purposes without obtaining permission and without paying a fee or royalty. Purposes permitting the application of fair use generally include review, news reporting, teaching, or scholarly research.
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Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
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federal legislation in the United States that protects the privacy of students' personally identifiable information (PII). The act applies to all educational institutions that receive federal funds.
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Filtering Software
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requires schools qualifying for federal E-rate funding to use filtering technology to block access to materials that are "obscene, child pornography, or harmful to minors."
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Flexible Grouping
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"allowing students to work in differently mixed groups depending on the goal of the learning task at hand."
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Formal Operational
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During this stage, the individual will demonstrate the ability to critically analyze situations, taking into consideration reasoning and argument. (last stage of cognitive development)
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Formative Assessment
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wide variety of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension, learning needs, and academic progress during a lesson, unit, or course.
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Gifted and Talented (GT)
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"Gifted individuals are those who demonstrate outstanding levels of aptitude (defined as an exceptional ability to reason and learn) or competence (documented performance or achievement in top 10% or rarer) in one or more domains.
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Group Contingency
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specifies the contingent relationship between the completion of a given task or specified behavior and access to a specific reward. It describes both the tasks and the reward to be given.
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Heteronomous Morality
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This stage stretches an approximate three or four year span from around four years of age to seven. Children thinking in terms of heteronomous morality see the world as an unchangeable collection of rules and laws that are not under the control of any people. This thinker thinks only of consequences of an action or behavior. The intentions of the person are irrelevant.
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Home Contingency
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Contingency is an important concept in understanding and investigating history and helping students develop historical thinking skills.
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Inclusion
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an approach to educating students with special educational needs.
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Individualized Education Program (IEP)
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a document that is developed for each public school child who is eligible for special education, it spells out your child's learning needs, the services the school will provide and how progress will be measured.
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Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
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a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs
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Inductive Reasoning
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the process of making generalized decisions after observing, or witnessing, repeated specific instances of something
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Information Processing
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the change (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer
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Inquiry Thinking
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starts by posing questions, problems or scenarios—rather than simply presenting established facts or portraying a smooth path to knowledge. The process is often assisted by a facilitator. Inquirers will identify and research issues and questions to develop their knowledge or solutions
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Instructional Strategy
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refers to (1) instructional approaches that are structured, sequenced, and led by teachers, and/or (2) the presentation of academic content to students by teachers, such as in a lecture or demonstration
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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning
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constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget.
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Learning Styles
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refer to a range of competing and contested theories that aim to account for differences in individuals' learning
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Mentor
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a form of leadership, others identify it as the art of communicating knowledge, the ease of advising or the ability to reaching those who are looking for anyone who considers superior and wants to learn from.
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Metacognition
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"cognition about cognition", "thinking about thinking", or "knowing about knowing... knowledge about when and how to use particular strategies for learning or for problem solving
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Milieu
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a practice that involves manipulating or arranging stimuli in a preschool child s natural environment to create a setting that encourages the child to engage in a targeted behavior
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Momentum
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The teacher should make lectures short to allow students to group together and move around to gain more knowledge of the content. The teacher should make sure that these exercises remain short so students do not get bored. A teacher can keep a timer and assign roles to students to keep the students moving and on a time deadline. If students are struggling the teacher can reflect on what they can do to make the lesson more meaningful and easier to understand for their students.
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Motivation
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theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It represents the reasons for people's actions, desires, and needs
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Multicultural Education
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a set of strategies and materials in U.S. education that were developed to assist teachers when responding to the many issues created by the rapidly changing demographics of their students. It provides students with knowledge about the histories, cultures, and contributions of diverse groups, and it assumes that the future of U.S. society is pluralistic.
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Multiple Intelligences
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theory of multiple intelligences is a theory of intelligence that differentiates it into specific (primarily sensory) 'modalities', rather than seeing intelligence as dominated by a single general ability
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Norm-referenced Test
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a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured.
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Object Permanence
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the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed (seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way).
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Objective
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Statement describing what a student is expected to learn from the lesson. The learning objective provides a detailed description of what the student will be able to do when the instruction ends. A teacher uses a learning directive to help students understand how to make practical use of information learned during the lesson.
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Operant Conditioning
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a type of learning in which (a) the strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior's consequences, such as reward or punishment, and (b) the behavior is controlled by antecedents called "discriminative stimuli" which come to signal those consequences.
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Overlapping
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The teacher can have procedures that will allow the teacher to be effective when two situations occur at the same time. For example, if a student is done with an assessment or an assignment early have something for them to do such as moving on to another assignment, reading a book, or a quiet enrichment exercise. While the early-finishers are staying busy the teacher is allowed to move around the room to answer question or assist struggling students
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Overt/Covert Behavior
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Overt behaviors are those that anyone can observe, while covert behaviors are those that only the organism can examine.Overt behavior refers to actions that are able to be observed. These include behaviors such as whispering, walking, yawning and jumping
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Parallel Play
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a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another's behavior
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Peer Tutoring
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a flexible, peer-mediated strategy that involves students serving as academic tutors and tutees. Typically, a higher performing student is paired with a lower performing student to review critical academic or behavioral concepts.
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Peer-Mediated
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an approach in special education where peers of the target students are trained to provide necessary tutoring in educational, behavioral, and/or social concerns
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Percentile Rank
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rank of a score is the percentage of scores in its frequency distribution that are equal to or lower than it. For example, a test score that is greater than or equal to 75% of the scores of people taking the test is said to be at the 75th percentile, where 75 is the percentile rank.
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Performance-based Assessment
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assessments varies greatly depending on author, disciple, publication, and intended audience (Palm, 2008). In general, a performance-based assessment measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study.
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Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development
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a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence.
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Piaget's Theory of Moral Development
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extended Piaget's work in cognitive reasoning into adolescence and adulthood. ... Kohlberg believed that individuals made progress by mastering each stage, one at a time. A person could not skip stages.
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Postconventional Level of Morality
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the third and final level of Kohlberg's moral development taxonomy where individuals enter the highest level of morale development. People who have reached this stage of development are concerned with the innate rights of humans and guided by their own ethical principles.
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Portfolio
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a large, thin, flat case for loose sheets of paper such as drawings or maps.
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Preconventional Level of Morality
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The three stages of moral development include preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality. As the first stage in moral development, preconventional morality concerns a child-like approach to right and wrong. There are two phases of preconventional morality. The first phase is obedience and punishment.
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Preoperational Stage
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the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development. This stage begins around age two as children start to talks and last until approximately age seven.
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Primacy Effect
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a psychological phenomenon associated with memory that says that items at the beginning (primacy) and items at the end (recency) of a list or string of information are more easily recalled than items in the middle
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Principle of Least Intervention
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One important element of effective classroom management is learning how to prevent disruption and mitigate any disruptive behavior that occurs. The proactive teacher uses the Law of Least Intervention, a way of managing minor classroom disruptions without interrupting the learning environment.
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Prior Knowledge
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the knowledge that stems from previous experience. I had no prior knowledge of linguistics, but that didn't stop me writing a dictionary. (law) knowledge of a set of circumstances sufficient to make actions based on those circumstances wrongful.
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Private Speech
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speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior. Children from two to about seven years old can be observed engaging in private speech. Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others.
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Problem Solving
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the process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues.
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Procedures
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an established or official way of doing something.
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Professional Development Appraisal System (PDAS)
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Effective September 1, 2016, PDAS is no longer the state-recommended teacher evaluation system and has been replaced by the Texas Teacher Evaluation and Support System (T-TESS).
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Professionalism
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the competence or skill expected of a professional.
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Psychosocial Theory
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a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood.
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Recency Effect
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The tendency to remember an item in the first position within a sequence is the primacy effect, and the tendency to remember an item in last position is the
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Reciprocity
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the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit, especially privileges granted by one country or organization to another.
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Reinforcement
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the action or process of reinforcing or strengthening.
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Reliability
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the quality of being trustworthy or of performing consistently well.
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Retention
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the continued possession, use, or control of something.
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Reversibility
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During this stage, which occurs from age 7-12, the child shows increased use of logical thinking. One of the important processes that develops is that of Reversibility, which refers to the ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition.
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Risk-Free Environment
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Students are able to express their own learning and thinking in more detail.
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Rules
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Making ground procedures or must-do's for a steady classroom
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Scaffolding
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refers to a process in which teachers model or demonstrate how to solve a problem, and then step back, offering support as needed. Psychologist and instructional designer Jerome Bruner first used the term 'scaffolding' in this context back in the 1960s.
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Schemes
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These are the documents which are used by the teacher in the preparation, implementation and evaluation of teaching/learning process.
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Self-Efficacy
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an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). Self-efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment.
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Self-regulation
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not a mental ability or an academic performance skill; rather it is the self-directive process by which learners transform their mental abilities into academic skills." (p. 65) That definition is offered by Barry Zimmerman, one of the foremost researchers on self-regulated learning.
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Sensorimotor Stage
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stage involves the use of motor activity without the use of symbols
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Seriation
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formation, arrangement, succession, or position in a series or orderly sequence
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shaping
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a way of adding behaviors to a person's repertoire. ... Approximation means any behavior that resembles the desired behavior or takes the person closer to the desired behavior. Successive approximations are steps toward the target behavior, the behavior you want to shape.
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Sign Systems
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in traditional forms of face-to-face communication, humans communicate through non-verbal as well as verbal sign-systems; colloquially, this can be referred to as body language.sign-system can be used in considering a vast range of communication forms such as animal communication and man-machine communication
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Site-Based Decision Making
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a process for decentralizing decisions to improve the educational outcomes at every school campus through a collaborative effort by which principals, teachers, campus staff, district staff, parents, and community representatives assess educational outcomes of all students, determine goals
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Small Group
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Some are familiar with the tutorial as being their experience of small group teaching. The tutorial is usually linked with a series of lectures and its role is to complement the lecture.
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Smoothness
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How steady and learn a lesson can be with a class without getting off track or messing up.
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Socioeconomic Status (SES)
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an economic and sociological combined total measure of a person's work experience and of an individual's or family's economic and social position in relation to others, based on income, education, and occupation.
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Software Piracy
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a term that is frequently used to describe the copying or use of computer software in violation of its license (commonly referred to as an end user licensing agreement or EULA). Interestingly, not only the concept, but also the term itself, is highly controversial.
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Summative Assessment
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used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year.
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