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On the telephone, Dominic rattles off a list of 10 grocery items for Kyoko to bring home from the store. Immediately after hearing the list, Kyoko attempts to write down the items. She is most likely to forget the items a. at the beginning of the list. b. at the end of the list. c. in the middle of the list. d. at the beginning and in the middle of the list. e. at the middle and the end of the list.
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c
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Which of the following best describes the position of many current researchers regarding repression? a. The activity of the hippocampus leads to repression. b. Repression rarely occurs as it is difficult to forget emotional material. c. Repressed memories, once out of consciousness, are not harmful. d. Only implicit memories are repressed into unconsciousness. e. Repressed memories protect our self-concept and minimize anxiety.
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b
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Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-interval e. intermittent-continuous
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a
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Learning a new ATM password may block the recall of a familiar old password. This illustrates a. source amnesia. b. proactive interference. c. the spacing effect. d. retroactive interference. e. the serial position effect.
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d
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The various vowel sounds that can be placed between a t and an n produce words such as tan, ten, tin, and ton. These various vowel sounds represent different a. algorithms. b. morphemes. c. semantics. d. phonemes. e. prototypes.
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d
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The introduction of a pleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of a pleasant stimulus is to ________. a. reinforcement; punishment b. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer c. acquisition; extinction d. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer e. generalization; discrimination
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a
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Although Steve was certain that he answered between 70 and 80 items correctly on his biology test, he actually was right on only 55 items. Steve's misjudgment of his test performance illustrates a. overconfidence. b. the belief perseverance phenomenon. c. confirmation bias. d. the framing effect. e. the representativeness heuristic.
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a
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The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called a. latent learning. b. spontaneous recovery. c. shaping. d. conditioned reinforcement. e. generalization.
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e
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Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of a. shaping. b. generalization. c. modeling. d. discrimination. e. delayed reinforcement.
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a
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After learning that her two best friends had lost their jobs, Mariah began to grossly overestimate the national unemployment rate. Mariah's reaction best illustrates the consequences of a. confirmation bias. b. the availability heuristic. c. the representativeness heuristic. d. the belief perseverance phenomenon. e. the framing effect.
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b
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The statement, "The haystack was important because the cloth ripped," becomes easier to understand and recall when you are given the following prompt: "A parachutist." This best illustrates the influence of a. semantic encoding. b. mnemonic devices. c. parallel processing. d. sensory memory. e. chunking.
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a
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A slow but steady rate of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval b. immediate-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-interval e. variable-ratio
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d
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A modern information-processing model that views memories as emerging from particular activation patterns within neural networks is known as a. mood-congruent memory. b. the peg-word system. c. connectionism. d. automatic processing. e. mnemonics.
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c
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John B. Watson emphasized that a. both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US. b. unlike lower animals, humans learn through a process of cognition. c. cognition plays a role in conditioning through the power of prediction. d. learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated. e. learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.
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e
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response? a. raising your hand to ask a question b. walking into a restaurant to eat c. working for money. d. salivating at the sight of a lemon e. jerking your hand off a very hot stove
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e
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Explicit memory is to long-term memory as iconic memory is to ________ memory. a. implicit b. sensory c. flashbulb d. state-dependent e. short-term
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b
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By directly experiencing a thunderstorm, we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder. This best illustrates a. the law of effect. b. generalization. c. observational learning. d. classical conditioning. e. operant conditioning.
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d
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Neuroscientists have discovered mirror neurons in the a. hippocampus in the brain stem. b. frontal lobe adjacent to the motor cortex. c. temporal lobe adjacent to the auditory cortex. d. occipital lobe adjacent to the visual cortex. e. parietal lobe adjacent to the sensory cortex.
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b
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Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated a. state-dependent memory. b. proactive interference. c. the spacing effect. d. the misinformation effect. e. the self-reference effect.
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d
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Contemporary psychologists are most likely to criticize Whorf's linguistic determinism hypothesis for a. overestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language. b. underestimating how much language use changes over our lifetime. c. underestimating the extent to which thinking occurs without language. d. underestimating the impact of language on thinking. e. overestimating the impact of thinking on language.
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c
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Most animals are best conditioned through reinforcers delivered immediately after the desired behavior is performed. What are these reinforcers called? a. immediate b. unconditioned c. partial d. conditioned e. primary
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a
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Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with a. unconditional positive regard. b. self-serving bias. c. an external locus of control. d. the false consensus effect. e. the spotlight effect.
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c
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Answering practice test questions about text material you have studied is a useful strategy for a. automatically processing complex information. b. becoming aware of what you do not yet know. c. activating your state-dependent memory. d. facilitating the development of implicit memory. e. enhancing implicit memories.
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b
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Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of a. mirror neurons. b. extrinsic motives. c. cognitive maps. d. intrinsic motives. e. unconditioned stimuli.
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a
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Christmas is to holiday as ________ is to ________. a. category; prototype b. availability heuristic; representativeness heuristic c. intuition; belief perseverance d. prototype; category e. algorithm; heuristic
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d
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Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to a. extinguishing. b. punishing. c. generalizing. d. modeling. e. discriminating.
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d
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Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________. a. concept; prototype b. semantics; syntax c. nomenclature; semantics d. phoneme; grammar e. morpheme; phoneme
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b
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Tim, a third-grader, learns the sentence "George Eats Old Gray Rats And Paints Houses Yellow" to help him remember the spelling of "geography." Tim is using a. the peg-word system. b. priming. c. the spacing effect. d. the serial position effect. e. a mnemonic device.
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e
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In considering the seven sins of memory, misattribution is to the sin of ________ as blocking is to the sin of ________. a. distortion; forgetting b. retroactive interference; proactive interference c. priming; repression d. proactive interference; retroactive interference e. intrusion; distortion
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a
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Escape from an aversive stimulus is a ________ reinforcer. a. positive b. secondary c. negative d. partial e. delayed
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c
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If a baseball player gets a hit after tapping the plate with the bat, he is more likely to repeat that behavior the next time he's up to the plate. Which of the following best explains this superstitious behavior? a. Immediate reinforcers are more effective when delayed in changing behavior. b. Reinforced behavior, even if it is accidental, is more likely to be repeated. c. Operant behaviors are voluntary. d. Variable-ratio schedules produce high rates of responding. e. Latent learning becomes apparent only when there is some incentive to demonstrate it.
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b
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Using barely recognizable syllables to communicate meaning best illustrates a 12-month-old's developing capacity for a. telegraphic speech. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. babbling. d. syntax. e. productive language.
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e
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Lyle was asked if more words start with the letter r, or have r as the third letter. Since he could think of more words that started with r, he concluded that must be the correct answer. Lyle's reasoning best illustrates a. the representativeness heuristic. b. confirmation bias. c. a fixation. d. a mental set. e. the availability heuristic.
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e
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Which of the following questions about the word depressed would best prepare you to correctly remember tomorrow that you had seen the word on today's test? a. How many vowels are in the word? b. How well does the word describe you? c. Does the word consist of ten letters? d. Is the word written in capital letters? e. Does the word rhyme with obsessed?
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b
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Déjà vu refers to the a. eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation or event. b. unconscious activation of particular associations in memory. c. tendency to remember experiences that are consistent with our current mood. d. emotional arousal produced by events that prime us to recall associated events. e. involuntary activation of the hippocampus.
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a
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Months after she was raped, Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place where she was attacked. The location of her attack is most likely a(n) ________ for Courtney's anxiety. a. primary reinforcer b. negative reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. partial reinforcer e. unconditioned stimulus
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c
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Two people learned nonsense syllables and then tried to recall them after up to eight hours had elapsed. John Jenkins and Karl Dallenbach observed that forgetting occurred least rapidly when the individuals spent their time a. chunking. b. watching television. c. playing a card game. d. physically exercising. e. sleeping.
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e
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Money is to food as ________ is to ________. a. discrimination; generalization b. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement c. delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforcer d. operant conditioning; classical conditioning e. secondary reinforcer; primary reinforcer
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e
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In classical conditioning, the a. neutral stimulus elicits salivation. b. unconditioned response produces the conditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response. d. neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned stimulus. e. unconditioned stimulus is the same as the conditioned stimulus.
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d
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Unlike implicit memories, explicit memories are processed by the a. cerebellum. b. hippocampus. c. hypothalamus. d. motor cortex. e. corpus callosum.
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b
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When her teacher mentioned the arms race, Krista understood that the word "arms" referred to weapons and not to body parts. Krista's correct interpretation best illustrates the importance of a. prototypes. b. syntax. c. morphemes. d. semantics. e. the representativeness heuristic.
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d
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Group 1 is asked to write down the names of the seven dwarfs. Group 2 is asked to look at a list of possible names of the dwarfs and circle the correct seven. Why might Group 2 be more likely to recall more names? a. Proactive interference is less likely to affect childhood learning. b. Iconic memory is superior to echoic memory. c. Group 2's list provides more retrieval cues, making this recognition task easier for them. d. Source amnesia may interfere with Group 1's ability to recall the names of the dwarfs. e. Implicit memories are easier to recall than explicit memories are.
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c
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After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates a. observational learning. b. shaping. c. spontaneous recovery. d. positive reinforcement. e. respondent behavior.
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a
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During the earliest stage of speech development, infants a. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents' native language. b. make speech sounds only if their hearing is unimpaired. c. begin to imitate adult syntax. d. use words that reflect the syntax of their parents' native language. e. speak in single words that may be barely recognizable.
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a
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Which of the following best illustrates higher-order conditioning? a. a child who fears dogs after being bitten shows fear when she hears a dog bark b. a rat that has developed a taste aversion to a vanilla-flavored solution paired with a drug c. a little boy who doesn't run into the street after being reprimanded by his mother d. a dog conditioned to salivate to a low-pitched tonee. e. a pigeon in a Skinner box that learns to peck at a button to receive a food pellet
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a
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After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates a. instinctive drift. b. latent learning. c. extinction. d. desensitization. e. spontaneous recovery.
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d
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After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav experiences fear of any woman wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates a. spontaneous recovery. b. generalization. c. shaping. d. latent learning. e. extinction.
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b
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The most important benefit of biofeedback is its capacity to a. enhance latent learning potential. b. elevate blood sugar levels. c. facilitate the relaxation response. d. reduce the production of lymphocytes. e. encourage regular aerobic exercise.
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c
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In classical conditioning, the ________ signals the impending occurrence of the ________. a. US; CS b. CS; US c. US; CR d. UR; CR e. CR; UR
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b
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Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that a. although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression. b. viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. c. viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. d. there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. e. viewing violence is cathartic and lessens aggressive impulses.
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c
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The danger of using the representativeness heuristic is that it may lead us to a. base decisions solely on mathematical algorithms. b. judge objects only in terms of their functional utility. c. judge event likelihood solely on the basis of event memorability. d. disregard probability information that is relevant to our judgments. e. make judgments in a very inefficient, time-consuming fashion.
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d
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How does the brain's capacity for parallel processing relate to encoding new memories? a. Parallel processing allows our brain to encode memories directly into long-term memory, bypassing working memory. b. Hypnotism can enhance memory through parallel processing, accessing both conscious and unconscious levels of our minds. c. Parallel processing allows many sensory experiences to be encoded all at once, some automatically, some with effort. d. Sensory impulses travel through separate channels, with visual information going into visual working memory, and auditory into auditory working memory. e. Parallel processing allows us to encode every event accurately as it happens, even if we cannot always retrieve it later.
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c
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The organization of information into meaningful units is called a. the peg-word system. b. automatic processing. c. iconic memory. d. chunking. e. the spacing effect.
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d
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Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying. a. negative reinforcer b. positive reinforcer c. conditioned stimulus d. punisher e. unconditioned stimulus
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b
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Ivan Pavlov's experiments a. revealed how biological predispositions affect learning. b. demonstrated how learning can be studied objectively. c. showed that cognition is important to learning. d. exhibited the central principles of operant conditioning. e. illustrated how the law of effect can be applied to conditioning.
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b
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Research on memory construction indicates that a. hypnotic suggestion is a particularly effective technique for accurate memory retrieval. b. false memories often feel as real as true memories. c. recent events are more vulnerable to memory distortion than events from our more distant past. d. true memories are created by long-term potentiation, and false memories are encoded in the cerebellum. e. it is very difficult to lead people to construct memories of events that never happened.
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b
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Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who a. consistently used permissive rather than authoritarian child-rearing practices. b. modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern. c. consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior. d. consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior. e. consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior.
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b
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When learning occurs through classical conditioning, the sea slug, Aplysia, releases more ________ at certain synapses. a. serotonin b. insulin c. LTP d. acetylcholine e. epinephrine
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a
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An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by a. operant conditioning. b. the law of effect. c. a biopsychosocial approach. d. Watson's behaviorism. e. Pavlov's experiments.
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c
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How does Robert Rescorla's model for classical conditioning differ from Ivan Pavlov's? a. Rescorla showed that cognition is important in an animal learning that one stimulus reliably predicts another stimulus. b. Rescorla argued against the use of animals in research because of ethical concerns. c. Rescorla emphasizes that an animal's capacity for conditioning is constrained by biology. d. Rescorla demonstrated that intermittent schedules of reinforcement lead to behaviors that are more resistant to extinction. e. Rescorla believes that learning by observation is more long lasting than learning through pairing stimuli.
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a
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Researchers trained pigs to pick up large wooden "dollars" and deposit them in a piggy bank. Instead of picking up the wooden discs, the pigs would drop them, push them with their snouts, and then pick them up to put them in the piggy bank. This behavior best illustrates a. instinctive drift. b. spontaneous recovery. c. intrinsic motivation. d. latent learning. e. generalization.
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a
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Compulsive gamblers frequently recall losing less money than is actually the case. Their memory failure best illustrates a. priming. b. motivated forgetting. c. proactive interference. d. source amnesia. e. the serial position effect.
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b
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On the first day of class, Professor Wallace tells her geography students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Clearly, studying for Professor Wallace's surprise quizzes will be reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. conditioned-response e. variable-ratio
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c
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Automatically blinking to an air puff is to ________ as raising your hand to answer a question is to ________. a. discrimination; generalization b. operant behavior; respondent behavior c. immediate reinforcement; delayed reinforcement d. unconditioned response; conditioned response e. classical conditioning; operant conditioning
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e
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Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________. a. a variable-ratio schedule; a fixed-ratio schedule b. insight learning; latent learning c. operant conditioning; classical conditioning d. spontaneous recovery; acquisition e. intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
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e
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A geometric figure is most likely to become sexually arousing if presented shortly a. before an appropriate UR. b. after an appropriate UR. c. before an appropriate US. d. after an appropriate CS. e. after an appropriate US.
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c
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Psychologists on both sides of the controversy regarding reports of repressed and recovered memories of childhood sexual abuse agree that a. the accumulated experiences of our lives are all preserved somewhere in our minds. b. we commonly recover memories of long-forgotten negative as well as positive events. c. repression is the most common mechanism underlying the failure to recall early childhood sexual abuse. d. the more stressful an experience is, the more quickly it will be consciously forgotten. e. professional therapists can reliably distinguish between their clients' true and false childhood memories.
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b
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Which of the following is an example of a respondent behavior? a. studying for a test b. sniffing to locate the source of a strange odor c. thanking someone for their help d. asking for a raise e. blushing when embarrassed
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e
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Learning that certain events occur together is called a. latent learning. b. associative learning. c. conditioned reinforcement. d. observational learning. e. shaping.
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b
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Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings. a. US b. operant chamber c. primary reinforcer d. CS e. CR
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d
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Cerebellum is to ________ memory as hippocampus is to ________ memory. a. explicit; implicit b. iconic; echoic c. short-term; long-term d. long-term; short-term e. implicit; explicit
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e
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Professor Pegler's research efforts focus on how the use of heuristics influences the way people assess financial risks. Which specialty area does his research best represent? a. cognitive psychology b. developmental psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. personality psychology
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a
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If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n) a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned stimulus. c. unconditioned response. d. preconditioned stimulus. e. conditioned stimulus.
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a
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A mnemonic device is a a. sensory memory. b. test or measure of memory. c. memory aid. d. word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past. e. technique for automatic processing.
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c
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Perceived differences between various shades of color are greater if people assign a different name to each hue. This best illustrates the influence of a. language on thinking. b. syntntax on prototype formation. c. critical periods on language acquisition. d. universal grammar on language acquisition. e. algorithms on receptive language.
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a
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Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. partial-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-interval e. variable-ratio
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c
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The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is a. Edward Deci. b. Albert Bandura. c. Ivan Pavlov. d. Edward Thorndike. e. B. F. Skinner.
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c
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Word meaning is to word order as ________ is to ________. a. semantics; syntax b. morpheme; phoneme c. phoneme; grammar d. nomenclature; semantics e. concept; prototype
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a
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A student who tried to remember a list of words by the way the words sounded when read aloud would be using ______ processing. a. deep b. serial c. iconic d. explicit e. semantic
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a
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Heuristics are a. problem-solving strategies involving the use of trial and error. b. methodical step-by-step procedures for solving problems. c. simple thinking strategies for solving problems quickly and efficiently. d. thinking strategies that often hasten insights. e. mental groupings of similar objects, events, or people.
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c
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Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates a. respondent behavior. b. observational learning. c. operant conditioning. d. latent learning. e. spontaneous recovery.
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c
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The most creative scientists are those who a. use convergent thinking rather than divergent thinking. b. are intrinsically motivated to solve problems. c. have little tolerance for ambiguity. d. demonstrate low levels of practical intelligence. e. investigate issues about which they have very little previous knowledge.
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b
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Without awareness, we often use highly adaptive heuristics. This best illustrates the value of a. fixation. b. critical periods. c. intuition. d. prototypes. e. morphemes.
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c
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Stressful life experiences such as being raped are not likely to be a. encoded. b. repressed. c. retrieved. d. recalled. e. stored.
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b
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Injury to the left ________ lobe damages the convergent thinking required for successful performance on intelligence tests. a. occipital b. limbic c. temporal d. parietal e. frontal
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d
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Receiving delicious food is to escaping electric shock as ________ is to ________. a. reinforcement; punishment b. positive reinforcer; negative reinforcer c. partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement d. immediate reinforcer; delayed reinforcer e. primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
answer
b
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When people are asked to recall a list of words they had earlier memorized, they often substitute synonyms for some of the words on the original list. This best illustrates the effects of a. state-dependent memory. b. source amnesia. c. implicit memory. d. memory decay. e. semantic encoding.
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e
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B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he neglected the importance of the individual's a. past behaviors. b. early childhood experiences. c. personal freedom. d. pleasure-seeking tendencies. e. cultural background.
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c
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Compared with adults, children are more susceptible to a. proactive interference. b. the self-reference effect. c. automatic processing. d. the misinformation effect. e. long-term potentiation.
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d
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In shaping a dog to "shake," the command "shake" would be the ________. When the dog slightly moves its paw, this would be a(n) ________. a. unconditioned stimulus; respondent behavior b. modeling; prosocial behavior c. continuous reinforcement; conditioned reinforcer d. discriminative stimulus; operant behavior e. conditioned stimulus; positive reinforcer
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d
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An automatic response to some stimulus is called a. respondent behavior. b. latent learning. c. observational learning. d. associative learning. e. operant behavior.
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a
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B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called a. observational learning. b. latent learning. c. behaviorism. d. shaping. e. the law of effect.
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e
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Dean overestimates the proportion of family chores for which he takes sole responsibility because it's easier for him to recall what he has done than to recall what other family members have done. This best illustrates the impact of a. fixation. b. confirmation bias. c. overconfidence. d. the availability heuristic. e. the representativeness heuristic.
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d
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People told that a chemical in the air is projected to kill 10 out of every 10 million people feel more frightened than if told the fatality risk is .000001. This best illustrates the importance of a. confirmation bias. b. belief perseverance. c. framing. d. the representativeness heuristic. e. fixation.
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c
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Emma believes that she will succeed in business if she works hard and carefully manages her time. Her belief most clearly illustrates a. unconditional positive regard. b. reaction formation. c. reciprocal determinism. d. the self-reference phenomenon. e. an internal locus of control.
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e
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An animal trainer is teaching a miniature poodle to balance on a ball. Initially, he gives the poodle a treat for approaching the ball, then only for placing its front paws on the ball, and finally only for climbing on the ball. The trainer is using the method of a. delayed reinforcement. b. successive approximations. c. classical conditioning. d. latent learning. e. secondary reinforcement.
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b
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People have a tendency to search for information that supports their preconceptions. What do psychologists call this tendency? a. confirmation bias b. linguistic determinism c. prototype d. intuition e. algorithm
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a
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In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in a. unconditional positive regard. b. reaction formation. c. self-control. d. the spotlight effect. e. self-transcendence.
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c
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Patients who have experienced brain damage may be unable to form new personal memories but are able to learn to do jigsaw puzzles, without awareness of having learned them. This suggests that a. long-term potentiation decreases our ability to store implicit memories. b. the system for creating explicit memory has been affected, not the implicit memory system. c. explicit memories are stored in the cerebellum, which must not have been damaged. d. amnesia only disturbs recall of explicit memories. e. the cerebellum must have been damaged, hindering implicit memory formation.
answer
b
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Kevin did not know whether the locker room was located down the short hallway to his right or down the long hallway to his left. Crossing his fingers, he decided to try the short hallway. His problem strategy best illustrates a. fixation. b. the availability heuristic. c. trial and error. d. belief perseverance. e. confirmation bias.
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c
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Your relative success in recalling various items one day after you first heard them listed in order is likely to illustrate a. a primacy effect. b. iconic memory. c. implicit memory. d. the recency effect. e. the relearning effect.
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a
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At the age of 15 months, Anita repeatedly cries "hoy" when she wants her mother to hold her. Anita is most likely in the ________ stage of language development. a. one-word b. telegraphic speech c. semantic d. syntactic e. babbling
answer
a
