question

Central Nervous System (CNS)

answer

brain and spinal cord

question

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

answer

peripheral nerves that extend from the spinal cord connecting the body and CNS, divided into afferent and efferent nerves

question

afferent

answer

sensory nerves that conduct the impulses about the environment from the body to the CNS

question

efferent

answer

Motor nerves that conduct impulses away from the CNS or to the muscles or gland or effectors

question

Exteroceptor

answer

detect stimuli outside of the body, located at or near the body's surface (pressure, pain, touch, temp., vibrations, hearing, vision, smell, taste)

question

interceptors

answer

detect stimuli from internal viscera/organs (hunger)

question

proprioceptors

answer

located in the muscles, tendons, joints, and internal ear (vestibular system), provide info regarding body position and movement, detect changes in muscle tension, joint position, and equilibrium

question

vestibular system

answer

first to develop in babies and first for "age" and causes balance

question

Vision

answer

visual system predominates 70% of the body's sensory receptors are in the eyes, 40% of the cerebral cortex is thought to be involved with processing of visual info

question

Photoreceptors

answer

light rays are focused on the retina, image formed and converted to nerve impulse (rods and cones)

question

Rods

answer

are more numerous, do not detect wavelength (color), specialized for dim light, enable us to see shapes and movement

question

Cones

answer

do best in bright light, specialized for color vision and acuity(clearness), located in the fovea

question

optic chiasm

answer

some fibers from each optic nerve cross

question

focal vision

answer

central region of the visual field, strongly linked to consciousness, voluntary control (changes in the trail)

question

ambient vision

answer

subconscious level, spatial localization and orientation, involves the entire retina, serves both central and peripheral fields, not affected by changes in light level (aware of the surroundings and where things are)

question

eye dominance

answer

one eye is dominant in everyone, carries out information processing a few milliseconds faster

question

Spotting

answer

technique used in rotational skills, reduces dizziness, keeps performer oriented, rotation of the head is delayed relative to the body's location

question

Visual search

answer

strategies of gaze behavior (scanning)

question

gaze fixation

answer

during active scanning the gaze lands on numerous objects

question

quiet eye

answer

final fixation located on a specific target or object before the initiation of movement; elite performers have a significantly longer, earlier onset, and more optimal duration (they can see key cues sooner and they have more time to process them)

question

targeting skills

answer

typically involve accurately propelling an object toward a target (targets are fixed, abstract, or moving)

question

fixed target

answer

stable or predictable in position (basketball hoop), performer fixates on the specific target prior to executing a response

question

abstract target

answer

(golf putt) hole is fixed but the aiming is not

question

moving target

answer

anticipating the target's location, passing or kicking, fencing, martial arts, boxing

question

interceptive skills

answer

performer tracks the stimulus, decides when/where it will arrive, and executes appropriate limb movements

question

Proprioception

answer

sensory information received from muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear; where the body is in space

question

golgi tendon organs

answer

located at the junction of tendon with a muscle , protect tendons and muscles from excessive tension

question

muscle spindles

answer

in skeletal muscle fiber belly (middle of the muscle), muscles is stretched and the spindles give info on how fast and how much the muscle is stretching

question

models of learning progression

answer

one stage overlaps the next, learners can be in different stages for different skills, and stages of learning are not dependent on age

question

Fitts and Posner's three-stage model 1967

answer

learners go through three distinct stages defined by behavior tendencies (cognitive, associate, and autonomous stages)

question

cognitive stage

answer

hight degree of cognitive activity, ask lots of questions, trial and error, attention demands are high, basic movement pattern; instructors should point out similarities and differences with other movements and provide demonstrations and verbal feedback

question

associate stage

answer

refinement of movement pattern, performance is more consistent, ability to time movements with external objects and events improve, can detect their own errors and make changes; instructors decrease instruction, if open skill, practice session should provide experience that develop visual search strategies (quiet eye needs to be faster and longer)

question

Autonomous stage

answer

countless hours of practice,highest level of performance and it is automatic, attention is relocated to decision making, can perform multiple task simultaneously, very few errors, independent with error and correction; instructor is responsible for practice design, error feedback, and motivator

question

Gentile's two stage model

answer

learner's perspective, emphasizes the learner's goal and influence of task and environmental characteristics on the goal. Getting the idea of the movement then fixation for closed skill or diversification for open skill

question

getting the idea of the movement

answer

develop an understanding of the movement requirements necessary to meet demands of the task and environment in which the skill is performed and organize a movement, selectively attentive to info; instructor should focus on the basic movement pattern

question

regulatory conditions

answer

environmental conditions that specify the movement characteristics necessary to perform the task

question

non-regulator conditions

answer

conditions that dont affect the movement pattern

question

fixation/diversification stage

answer

learner's goal is to refine

question

closed skill

answer

successful performance is to replicate the movement pattern consistently and accurately; fixation:refinement of movement pattern

question

open skill

answer

objective is to diversify the movement pattern; diversification:adaptation of movement to conform to ever-changing environmental demands

question

Learning

answer

Is not directly observable

question

Movement pattern

answer

Novice vs. expert movement patterns distinguish level of learning

question

Changes in coordination and control occur

answer

They learn to control the degrees of freedom involved in the movement

question

Novices

answer

Reduce the available degrees of freedom or fix a joint in order to accomplish the goal

question

Freezing the degrees of freedom

answer

Stiff, rigid, ineffectively timed movements. You must consider the skill when deciding whether freezing of joints will be more novice or more skilled

question

More fluid muscle activity

answer

Number of activated muscles to produce the movement will be reduced with learning

question

More efficient energy expenditure

answer

Beginners typically expend more energy doing the same task as experts. This relates to activating the right muscles

question

Increased consistency

answer

When increased consistency occurs in a movement, you can infer that learning has occurred and it is more permanent in nature. Can be good or bad habits

question

Attention

answer

Changes in the amount of attention focused on just movement execution occurs with learning and performance improvements. This allows for increased movement preparation and reduction in response times

question

Attention to skill execution

answer

As learning occurs and skill proficiency develops, less attention is paid to execution and it becomes automatic, allowing the learner to focus more on strategy and environmental cues or AUTOMATICITY

question

Second consequences of automaticity

answer

If you ask someone to consciously focus on an already automated skill, you often see hesitant and choppy performance

question

Allocation of visual attention

answer

Experts direct visual attention to information-rich areas (visual search) whereas beginners focus on too many things and have trouble discriminating between relevant and irrelevant stimuli

question

Knowledge and memory

answer

Knowledge base and memory of a skill increases does skill performance

question

Declarative knowledge

answer

Rules

question

Procedural knowledge

answer

What to do in a situation, need to practice this

question

Error detection and correction

answer

Increased ability for the learner to detect their own errors and correct them; more easily detect the exteroceptive and proprioceptive feedback that sensory receptor provide

question

Self-confidence

answer

As skill increases so does confidence in ability, allow learner to achieve some level of success during each practice

question

Performance curves

answer

Typically follow 4 types of patterns

question

Negatively accelerating curve

answer

Demonstrates the power law of practice; large gains in the beginning with slower gains later in practice, most common (arch up/beginning of rainbow)

question

Positively accelerating curve

answer

Little initial improvement with larger gains later (

question

Linear curve

answer

Direct relationship between performance and time (slanted line /)

question

S-shaped curve

answer

Combination of the negative and positively accelerating curve

question

Retention test

answer

No practice for a while, then test to see if the skill was learned

question

Transfer test

answer

Measures the degree to which a learning can adapt the practiced skill to a different performance situation

question

Pretest

answer

Before the practice period

question

Post-test

answer

Administered directly following a practice period

question

Performance plateau

answer

A period of time during the learning process in which no overt changes in performance occur

question

Learning style

answer

Unique preferences for receiving and processing new information

question

Dunn, Dunn, and Price 2000

answer

Learning styles inventory as found some use in motor skill acquisition

question

Dunn and Dunn

answer

An individual's learning style can be determined by assessing five areas

question

1. Instructional environmental preferences

answer

Sound, light, temp.

question

2. Emotional preferences

answer

Motivation, persistence, responsibility, structure

question

3. Sociological preferences

answer

Individual, pairs, peer, team, adult

question

4. Physiological preferences

answer

Perception, intake (chewing, eating), time, mobility

question

5. Psychological preferences

answer

Analytical mode (details to big picture or big picture to details), hemispherically (right or left brain dominant), action

question

Processing preferences

answer

Learning profiles that are based on processing

question

Global leaners

answer

Learning more easily when they are first presented with the big picture and then asked to concentrate on the details

question

Analytical learners

answer

New information presented in a step-by-step, sequential manner. Builds toward main concept. Likes rules, guidelines

question

Perceptual mode

answer

Easiest to use in motor skill learning. This is the way information is received and processed

question

Modal strength

answer

Preferred mode of taking in information

question

Visual learners

answer

Understand better with visual cue words: watch, see, and look. Use demo videos, pictures, models, and mirrors

question

Kinesthetic learners

answer

Understand better when they can feel what the movements feel like. Strategies like simulations, guidance, repeated practice, and cue words like: feel, move, and experience help

question

Analytical learners

answer

Approach the movement from a problem solving perspective. Scientific concepts and cue words like: analyze, why, and investigate

question

Auditory learners

answer

Prefer sounds and rhythms. Cue words like: hear, pace, and tempo. Benefit from verbal descriptions

question

Transfer

answer

The learning of a new skill or its performance under novel conditions can be influenced by past experience with another skill or skills. Three types

question

Positive transfer

answer

Learner's past experience with one skill facilitates learning a new skill or using a skill in a different context. Accelerates the rate of learning

question

Negative transfer

answer

Past experience with a skill hinders or obstructs learning a new skill or performing the skill under novel conditions

question

Zero transfer

answer

Experience with a skill has no influence on the second skill

Motor learning ch 4-6 – Flashcards with Answers

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards