MCAT – Behavior Sciences – Learning – Flashcards
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Habituation
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Repeated exposure = decrease in response
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Dishabituation
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Recovery of a response AFTER habituation occurred (Remember driving; when you just drove hours as a zombie)
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Associative Learning
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2 types of Conditioning
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Classical Conditioning - Pavlov's CR; CS; UCS; UCR; NS
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- Association: 2 stimuli - *Involuntary* response; innate
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[Learning] Acquisition
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Neutral stimulus > CS
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[Learning] Extinction
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CS > neutral stimulus
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[Learning] Spontaneous recovery
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Weak CR after a pause; significance that [extinction] is not permanent
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[Learning] Generalization
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*POST*-[acquisition] of CR; broadening effect where similar stimulus = CR (fireworks resemble gunshot-CS)
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[Learning] Discrimination
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- Opposite of [Generalization]; distinguish 2 similar stimuli - *2 bells* with different *tones*; 1 brings food another does not
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Operant conditioning
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- Association: behavior consequence - *Voluntary* Response
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[B. F. Skinner] Behaviorism
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Theory: *ALL* behavior is *conditioned*
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[Learning] Reinforcement
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- *INCREASING* likelihood of behavior
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Positive Reinforcement
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- INCREASE: Behavior (Dog Trick) - ADD: Reward (Treat)
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Negative Reinforcement - (2)
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- INCREASE: Behavior (showering/aspirin) - REMOVE: unpleasant factor (smell/headache) - [Escape/Avoidance learning]
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Escape Learning
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- Unpleasant Factor *PRESENT* - INCREASE: Behavior; REMOVES unpleasant - Subfield of *[Negative Reinforcement]*
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Avoidance Learning
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- Unpleasant Factor *NOT* present yet - Fire Alarm = *Avoid* Fire - INCREASE: Behavior; REMOVES *imminent* unpleasant - Subfield of *[Negative Reinforcement]*
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Primary Reinforcer; Secondary Reinforcer; Conditioned Reinforcer
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*COMBINATION*; classical/operant conditioning Primary = fish Secondary = clicker = Conditioned
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Positive Punishment
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- DECREASE: behavior - ADD: unpleasant factor
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Negative Punishment
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- DECREASE: behavior - REMOVE: pleasant factor; (drivers's license; time out)
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Continous Reinforcement: Which is the best for retention and resists loss of affect.
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[Reinforcement]; Every desired behavior occurrence = treat - *best VR*
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____ (VR/FR/VI/FI) schedule(s) have moments of no responses; revisits later.
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*Fixed*; (FR/FI) - like studying and test week - Pop Quiz (Variable) = continuous testing; no break in lines
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[Operant Conditioning] Shaping
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- reward after step 1 - reward only after step 1-3 - reward only after step 1-5 .... so on - learning of *COMPLICATED* behaviors
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Latent Learning
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- Days 1-10 (green) - Shown only upon [reinforcement] - Sometimes performance *GREATER* than those with constant [reinforcement]
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Problem Solving Learning
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Trial-and-error
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Preparedness [Learning]
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- [Predisposition] to learning *COINCIDING* with *innate* behavior - birds peck... so it has [preparedness] for pecking-based behavior learning
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Instinctive Drift
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Difficulty in *OVERCOMING* instinctual behavior in learning
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Observational Learning
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- *NOT* imitation - *Increase* OR *Decrease* behavior
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Mirror Nuerons; which lobe(s)
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- Frontal/Parietal Lobe - She is sad... I feel sad now (empathy) - Imitation
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Modeling learning "Role-MODELING learning"
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- Do as I say; not as I do. - Tendency to go with behavior > words (Unless consistent) - [Learning] *acceptable behavior* by action - [*anti-social*] OR [*pro-social* behavior]
