question

silencing

answer

by majority vote, a guilty conviction stands even though not sufficient evidence to convict or conviction overturned

question

why we communicate

answer

1) physical needs 2) identity needs 3) social needs 4) practical goals [includes instrumental goals]

question

physical needs - defined

answer

lack of social relations causes coronary problems that rivals that of smoking, high BP, obesity, etc. - cancer - likelihood of death increases w/close one dies

question

identity needs - defined

answer

communication is the only way we learn who we are [interactions w/others] - we gain idea of who we are from way others define us

question

social needs - defined

answer

communication provides vital link w/others - social needs satisfied via communication are pleasure, affection, companionship, escape, relaxation, control - today American have avg. of 2.08 friends [less than 20 yrs ago]

question

instrumental goals - defined (practical)

answer

to get others to behave in the ways we want [of benefit to self], not to make them best friends, but to get what you want - job advancements

question

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

answer

4 reasons why we communicate fall into his 5 categories - physiological, safety, love & belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization

question

linear model of communication

answer

one of earliest communication models, shows communication as what the sender DOES TO a receiver [work independently taking turns] - also depicts that it is a conscious effort to send msg. - its vocabulary shows how radio/TV operates

question

transactional model of communication

answer

updates, expands, adds, eliminates terms, concepts from linear model - messages simultaneously sent back and forth, conscious & unconscious, intentional & unintentional - includes non-verbal msg. [transactional = something we do WITH others]

question

difference between linear & transactional model of communication

answer

linear - sender and receiver become "communicators" in transactional model, who communicate same time w/varying degrees of shared/overlapping environment

question

environment

answer

[transactional model] - fields of experience affecting understanding between communicators - physical location, personal experiences, & cultural background one brings to conversation

question

noise

answer

external (physical) noise, physiological noise, & psychological noise that interfere w/communication in some way

question

external noise (physical)

answer

noise such as thunder storm, loud music, other loud talking, children crying, etc. - any external noise that interferes w/ability to pay attention to the other person

question

physiological noise

answer

[biological noise] is noise w/in the communicator concerning persons biology, such as illness, medication/drugs, disease, hearing/seeing impaired, that can interfere w/accurate reception

question

psychological noise

answer

anxiety, excess worrying, or anything such as failing a test or receiving previous bad grade that interferes w/understanding where something went wrong [prior bad grade would interfere w/competence on next assignment, and cloud performance]

question

sender

answer

linear view - the person creating the message [consciously sending = linear view]

question

receiver

answer

linear view - the person attending to the message sent from sender

question

encodes

answer

linear view - sender - her/his thoughts are put into symbols [usually words] for communication

question

decodes

answer

linear view - receiver - making sense, deciphering the message sent by sender - [doing this while dealing with noise]

question

message

answer

linear view - the information being transmitted

question

channels

answer

linear view - the medium/vessel by which the message passes through on its way to the receiver [where external noise is focused - linear]

question

communication

answer

is a transactional, ongoing process involving participants who occupy different but overlapping environments to create relationships via exchange of messages, many of which are affected by external, physiological, & psychological noise

question

intentional communication

answer

communication that you plan for, rehearse for, that some scholars believe defines communication [untrue]

question

unintentional communication

answer

communication that is non-verbal such as facial expression, body shifting, sighs of boredom - also when your self-talk is overheard by someone you didn't intend for them to hear, which communicated an unintended msg.

question

communication is irreversible

answer

you can't take back or erase words spoken [especially w/mediated vessels] can say sorry and may be forgiven, but probably won't be forgotten

question

it's impossible NOT to communicate

answer

since communication is both intentional and unintentional, whatever it is your doing, you are communicating - [even sitting in a lecture]

question

communication is unrepeatable

answer

since communication is an ongoing process, it is NOT possible to repeat the same event - such as, if professor asks the class to show up later to repeat the exact same lecture, it would NOT be the same - many things would be different

question

content dimension

answer

1 of 2 levels that communication operates upon - the content is the explicit material, or the subject of the exchange - it is the verbal msg. being discussed [not the "meaning"]

question

relational dimension

answer

2 of 2 levels that communication operates upon - which is the "meaning" of the subject being discussed - expressed as tone of voice, emphasizing certain words, etc. - including non-verbal communication

question

is more communication always better?

answer

NO - just as not enough communication can cause problems, so can too much - talking a problem to death, over and over, w/no progress being made at resolution

question

meanings are not in words

answer

big mistake to assume when we say something that we are communicating - words making perfect sense to you may be interpreted completely different by others

question

communication doesn't always involve shared understanding

answer

problem w/communication is the illusion that it has been accomplished [George Bernard] - misunderstandings are common especially between those more well acquainted - sometimes sacrifice clarity for kindness when the honest opinion asked would be hurtful [to spare friends feelings]

question

no single person or event causes another's reaction

answer

mistake to suggest anything we say or do causes an outcome, as many other factors also play a role - besides your regretful comments there is her/his frame of mind at moment [uptight, mellow], elements of his/her personality [judgmental, forgiving], relational history [supportive, hostile] and her/his knowledge of origin of your unjustified comment

question

does communication solve all problems?

answer

NO - sometimes communication even causes the problem, such as that honest answer a friend asks you for and you give it - even though communication occurs when ask an instructor to explain your bad grade, it doesn't solve your problem of the bad grade

question

interpersonal communication

answer

described a number of ways, especially, via quantitative & qualitative view of interpersonal communication - thought of as more personal

question

quantitative view of interpersonal communication

answer

obviously means number of persons involved - it is a "dyadic" definition - if 2 persons talk, usually face to face - in a quantitative view, a salesclerk and a customer is an example of interpersonal acts [however, books authors views are transactional and qualitative] - each person viewed as objects not unique

question

dyad

answer

is 2 people usually in face to face communication and is impersonal [if one leaves = no dyad, also w/dyad no group to gang up on you]

question

qualitative view of interpersonal communication

answer

not based on number of persons, but rather the "QUALITY" of the communication - has 5 features, and considers each person as unique individuals

question

5 features of qualitatively interpersonal communication

answer

distinguishing qualitative from less personal communication is uniqueness, irreplaceability, interdependence, disclosure, & intrinsic rewards

question

impersonal communication

answer

is opposite of qualitative communication, and occurs because of something you need or want, or what he/she can do for you, as you aren't necessarily trying to establish a friendship [although one may develop] - such as a sales clerk w/customer - communication that is impersonal is determined by social rules & roles - minimal disclosure if at all

question

uniqueness [feature of qualtitative communication]

answer

how unique is he/she to you - such as a sister or brother would be

question

irreplaceability [feature of qualitative communication]

answer

is this person replaceable by someone else? - you have no other brother, sister etc.

question

interdependence [feature of qualitative communication]

answer

at basic level the fate of partners is connected - if person dies or wins lotto, how much would this affect your life - would you die in their place, instead of accepting they have cancer, accept it yourself?

question

disclosure [feature of qualitative communication]

answer

how much personal information you reveal about yourself to others depends on how comfortable you feel - can be negative disclosure such as "I am angry w/you"

question

intrinsic rewards [feature of qualitative communication]

answer

rewards w/in, when action done just for pure joy of doing it - internal pleasure, or payoff is joy - it feels good and get a personal reward from spending time w/someone

question

extrinsic rewards

answer

rewards that one seeks as a payment - the reward itself drives you, and is for your advantage, and is materialistic in nature [tangible reward such as money or other selfish payoffs]

question

mediated communication

answer

channels/vessels of communication that are not face-to-face, and done via technical/computerized manner - communicating via social networking sites, texting, instant messaging, cell phone calls, & emails are among mediated communication devices

question

benefits of mediated communication

answer

enlarged social networks, communicate w/someone wouldn't otherwise [those living far away or even close] - those who use mediated communication stay in touch more often, and encourages face-to-face meetings, can stimulate self-disclosure, good for those who are shy in person - can increase quantity & quality of interpersonal communication

question

asynchronous

answer

nature of email allows for communication w/someone when real-time interaction is impossible - such as different time zones

question

richness [leaner messages]

answer

richness is non-verbal cues such as tone, sarcasm, etc. that add clarity to a msg. that are important in face-to-face communication - mediated channels lack richness, although there are sophisticated emoticons and punctuation, bold, italic, to use w/mediated communication for clarity

question

disinhibition

answer

speak before we think - the tendency to transmit a message via mediated channels without considering their consequences - can take 2 forms [volunteer incriminating personal info. for all to see & "flaming", when msg. is more critical, extreme, angry and vicious]

question

permanence

answer

something face-to-face communication doesn't have: "a permanent record" - mediated channel messages can be archived forever & can be used agaist you [such as in law suits, blackmail, etc.]

question

"I-it" relating

answer

relationships are stable, predictable, & detached - are more of impersonal but is found in personal ones as well - it is also the approach of science which attempts to understand what makes people tick to explain, predict, & control behavior

question

"I-thou" relating

answer

relationships are utterly unique, since no 2 people are alike, we encounter each person as an individual & is a profound contrast to "I-it" relationships - they arise out of how we are now at the moment

question

how does the book explain too much interpersonal communication? [hint - "like rich food"]

answer

interpersonal communication is like rich food - it's fine in moderation, but too much can make you uncomfortable

question

communication competence

answer

achieving one's goals in a manner that maintains or enhances the relationship in which it occurs - competence seeks to be both effective and appropriate

question

what is a good measure of competence?

answer

is whether those who you are communicating with view you as effective

question

competent communicator "defined"

answer

defined through the following 4 areas - no ideal way to communicate, competence is situational, relational, & it can be learned

question

competence - no ideal way to communicate

answer

a variety of communication styles can be effective - some serious, some funny, some quiet, some verbose, etc.

question

competence is situational

answer

you feel some methods that are good in some situations don't work in others - such as you can communicate effectively while working, but at the party afterwards you fear you may not have competence with communicating the social scene

question

competence is relational

answer

since communication is transactional [something we do WITH others rather than TO others], behavior considered competent in one relationship may not be competent in others

question

competence can be learned

answer

biology affects communication style to some degree, but other extents can be learned by asking, observing, such as when observing you can pick up on hints/cues when learning new behaviors, from variety of other people - and practice new skills until become better, such like you did to ride a bike, drive a car, tie shoes, etc.

question

competent communicator "characteristics" [skills]

answer

several common denominators exist that a competent communicator would possess - have wide range of behaviors, ability to choose most appropriate one, have skill to perform each behavior, ability for cognitive complexity, empathy, self-monitoring, & commitment

question

wide range of behaviors [skills of competence]

answer

having/acquiring numerous skills that are at your disposal for use - like an arsonal of behaviors to draw from such as listening, use of the "I statement", silence, demanding, etc. are all options of behaviors a competent communicator has to employ - [incompetence = limited behavior arsenol, and usually only has several]

question

abiltiy to choose most appropriate [skills of competence]

answer

possession of a large arsenol doesn't guarantee success, you also have to know how to choose which behavior works, which is essential - since impossible to know how to act in every situation, consider these 3 factors [the context, goals, knowledge of other person]

question

skill at performing the behavior [skills of competence]

answer

just knowing how to choose isn't enough - you must also know how to use it effectively and put it into practice [when learning new skills expect to go through 4 stages]

question

cognitive complexity [skills of competence]

answer

the ability to construct a variety of frameworks for viewing an issue - basically, it is an ability to stand in another persons shoes, seeing things from their perspective or points of views - because you're good at communicating

question

empathy [skills of competence]

answer

goes beyond viewing an issue from multiple perspectives - empathy involves feeling & experiencing another's situation as they do themselves - to get a feel for how others view the world - empathy has been labeled the most important aspect of communication competence

question

self-monitoring [skills of competence]

answer

empathy & cognitive complexity helps understanding of others, self-monitoring is 1 way to understand yourself - it is the process of paying close attention to your own behavior and make observations to ensure it's appropriate - if not, than competent communicators can change & conform thier current behavior - incompetent communicators are ignorant of their lack of skills

question

commitment [skills of competence]

answer

is 1 feature that distinguishes effective communication in qualitative interpersonal communication - those who care about the relationship communicate better than those who don't - shows up in 2 ways

question

2 ways commitment shows up in skills of competence

answer

commitment to the other person = care, desire spend time w/the other, also the openness to change after hear idea of other person AND the message = are sincere, demonstrates they care what they say via words and deeds

question

what are the 4 stages when learning a new communication skill?

answer

4 levels of competence to move through when learning new skill - begining awareness, awkwardness, skillfulness, integration

question

begining awareness - stage 1 of learning new communication skill

answer

when you first learn there is a new/better way of behaving - the awareness

question

awkwardness - stage 2 of learning new communication skill

answer

just like you were awkward when learned to ride a bike or drive a car so is your first attempts at test driving your new skill - be willing to look bad in order to look good

question

skillfulness - stage 3 of learning new communication skill

answer

as you continue working on awkwardness during your initial phase of practice, you will soon be able to handle yourself well, but will still have to think about what you are doing

question

integration - stage 4 of learning new communication skill

answer

occurs when you're able to perform the new skill well w/out making conscious effort - when it becomes automatic [everyone can relate to going through all these stages when learning to tie your shoes, and then finally arriving at the automatic stage of integration]

question

co-cultures

answer

a subset within a society - a culture w/in a culture - such as age, occupations, sexual orientation, physical disability, religion, activities - all are co-cultures w/in cultures that practice different ways of communication

question

communication competence in intercultural communication

answer

in addition to the skills of competence outlined in previous cards, there are several other ingredients needed for intercultural communication - motivation, tolerance for ambiguity, open-mindedness, knowledge & skill

question

motivation [intercultural communication competence]

answer

desire, willingness, & patience to communicate w/strangers from other cultures - the desire to reach out to those who have different communication style and embrace

question

tolerance for ambiguity [intercultural communication competence]

answer

communicating w/people of different backgrounds can be confusing - therefore a tolerance for ambiguity allows one to accept, & embrace communication messages of other cultures [beating around the bush = ambiguous cultural difference]

question

open-mindedness [intercultural communication competence]

answer

tolerating differences is one thing, but to become open-minded about these differences is another - we all think and believe our own culture is normal and therefore view other cultures choices as wrong, especially when they don't match our belief - be open-minded, keep eyes open and view the world from different perspectives

question

knowledge & skill [intercultural communication competence]

answer

to make effort to know & learn skills in communication among other ethnic groups and co-cultures, etc. - when mindful or aware of own behavior & that of others, remains 3 strategies to become more interculturally competent w/communication [passive observation, active strategies, self-disclosure]

question

passive observation [1 of 3 strategies of intercultural competence]

answer

involves being aware and taking notice what behaviors members of a different culture employs, & use these observations to tailor your communication w/in that culture

question

active strategies [2 of 3 strategies of intercultural competence]

answer

includes gaining knowledge of their culture by watching films, reading, & asking questions of how that culture behaves - even taking a college course in a particular culture, diversity

question

self-disclosure [3 of 3 strategies of intercultural competence]

answer

is employed in many situations of communication especially personal - w/intercultural competence, one could volunteer personal info. to people of the other culture to open lines of communication w/their culture

Looking Out Looking In – chapter 1 – Flashcards

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