Learning plan 4 and 5 homework assignment – Flashcards
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Indicate whether the provided renal function results from the creation of urine or through other mechanisms. 1. Directly Resulting From Urine Formation 2. Not resulting from urine formation - ertythropoiesis stimulation - removal of nitrogenous wastes - electrolyte regulation - filtration of blood - blood volume regulation - blood pressure regulation - calcitriol (vit D) conversion - reduction of blood acidity
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1. Directly Resulting From Urine Formation - removal of nitrogenous wastes - electrolyte regulation - filtration of blood - blood volume regulation - blood pressure regulation - reduction of blood acidity 2. Not resulting from urine formation - ertythropoiesis stimulation - calcitriol (vit D) conversion
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Which of the following correctly lists the order of structures through which urine flows after its formation in the nephron?
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Calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
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The tubuloglomerular mechanism of renal autoregulation involves the macula densa of the DCT sensing of
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NaCl.
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What substance is typically used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?
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Inulin
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T or F: Macula densa cells detect changes in the potassium concentration of fluid within the lumen of the DCT.
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false
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T or F: The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation involves the juxtaglomerular apparatus and regulation of NaCl.
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false
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Which choice describes the countercurrent mechanism of the nephron loop?
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Water moves out of the descending limb; sodium moves out of the ascending limb
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A renal corpuscle includes the
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glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
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T or F: The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure of the nephron where the DCT contacts the afferent arteriole.
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true
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T or F: Macula densa cells are modified smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole.
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false
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Podocytes and pedicels are part of the
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glomerular capsule.
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Place the following into the correct order to represent negative feedback control of GFR. 1. High GFR 5. Reduced GFR - paracrine secretion - rapid flow of filtrate in renal tubules - constriction of afferent arteriole - sensed by macula densa
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- rapid flow of filtrate in renal tubules - sensed by macula densa - paracrine secretion - constriction of afferent arteriole
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A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is
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uric acid.
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Match the tissue layer surrounding the kidney with its function. 1. Anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneum 2. Maintains the shape and protects it from trauma 3. Outermost layer; composed of adipose connective tissue 4. Contains adipose tissue; offers cushioning and insulation - paranephric fat - perinephric fat - renal fascia - fibrous capsule
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1. Anchors the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall and peritoneum - renal fascia 2. Maintains the shape and protects it from trauma - fibrous capsule 3. Outermost layer; composed of adipose connective tissue - paranephric fat 4. Contains adipose tissue; offers cushioning and insulation - perinephric fat
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If the transport maximum (Tm) of glucose is 320 mg/minute, what will happen if the tubular fluid contains 350 mg/minute of glucose?
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Glucose will be excreted into the urine.
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Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop. 1. ascending limb 2. descending limb - impermeable to solutes - permeable to water - tubular fluid osmolarity increases as it passes through - impermeable to water - permeable to solutes - tubular fluid osmolarity decreases as it passes through
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1. ascending limb - impermeable to water - permeable to solutes - tubular fluid osmolarity decreases as it passes through 2. descending limb - impermeable to solutes - permeable to water - tubular fluid osmolarity increases as it passes through
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T or F: Formed substances such as RBCs, leukocytes, and platelets are referred to as freely filtered substances.
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False
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When blood flows through the glomerulus, both water and solutes are filtered from the blood plasma, moving across the wall of the glomerular capillaries and into the capsular space to form __________ .
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filtrate
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Put the following portions of the nephron in order, beginning at the renal corpuscle and heading toward the collecting tubules. - Distal convoluted - Glomerular capillaries - Nephron loop - Proximal convoluted tubules
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- Glomerular capillaries - Proximal convoluted tubules - Nephron loop - Distal convoluted
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Filtration rate in the glomerulus is increased by
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both vasodilation of the afferent arteriole and vasoconstriction of the efferent arteriole.
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T or F: Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases GFR to decrease blood volume.
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true
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If renal plasma clearance is a test to measure the volume of a substance that can be completely cleared in 1 minute, and if the GFR of urea is 125 mL/min, and renal plasma clearance of urea is 70 mL/min, that means the remainder of the urea is
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reabsorbed.
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A renal corpuscle includes the
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glomerulus and glomerular capsule.
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Water channels in cell membranes formed by __________ are a result of ADH signaling in the kidneys.
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aquaporins
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Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding salt and water reabsorption in the nephrons. 1. Most of the reabsorption of glomerular filtrate occurs in the proximal tubules and descending limbs of nephron loops. 2. The active transport of salt in the descending limb is responsible for the increase in concentration of tubular fluid. 3. In the proximal tubules, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and water follows by osmosis. 4. Salt is actively transported across the membrane of the ascending loop of Henle, into the interstitial fluid.
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1. Most of the reabsorption of glomerular filtrate occurs in the proximal tubules and descending limbs of nephron loops. True 2. The active transport of salt in the descending limb is responsible for the increase in concentration of tubular fluid. False 3. In the proximal tubules, sodium is actively transported out of the filtrate, and water follows by osmosis. True 4. Salt is actively transported across the membrane of the ascending loop of Henle, into the interstitial fluid. True
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Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex causes sodium ions to be
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reabsorbed and water to be reabsorbed.
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Match the component of a nephron with its description. 1. Contains podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits 2. Secretes ions into the tubular fluid; reabsorption of water 3. Contains a descending limb and an ascending limb 4. Cuboidal cells with tall microvilli; active reabsorption - nephron loop - distal convoluted tubule - proximal convoluted tubule - glomerulus
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1. Contains podocytes, pedicels, and filtration slits - glomerulus 2. Secretes ions into the tubular fluid; reabsorption of water - distal convoluted tubule 3. Contains a descending limb and an ascending limb - nephron loop 4. Cuboidal cells with tall microvilli; active reabsorption proximal convoluted tubule
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Which of the following would increase the rate of glomerular filtration?
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Increased blood pressure
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A byproduct of amino acid catabolism in the liver is
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urea
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The average daily volume of urine is normally
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1-2 L
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T or F: Net filtration pressure (NFP) = HPg + OPg + HPc
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false
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In the kidneys, blood goes from the afferent arterioles to the ___________, and then enters the _______________, which then delivers the blood to the ___________.
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glomeruli; efferent arteriole; peritubular capillaries
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A product of the metabolism of certain nucleic acid bases is
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uric acid.
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A patient who secretes too much atrial natriuretic peptide may be in danger of ________ blood pressure.
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low
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Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. 1. blood vessels 2. kidneys 3. hypothalamus 4. adrenal cortex - vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles - releases aldosterone - mesangial cells contract - releases ADH - decreases GFR - increases peripheral resistance
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1. blood vessels 2. kidneys 3. hypothalamus 4. adrenal cortex
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Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. 1. ADH 2. Aldosterone 3. Angiotensin II 4. ANP - relaxes mesangial cells - dilates systemic blood vessels - binds to principal cells - binds to cells of the hypothalamus - increases aquaporins in tubular membrane
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1. ADH - increases aquaporins in tubular membrane 2. Aldosterone - binds to principal cells 3. Angiotensin II - binds to cells of the hypothalamus 4. ANP - relaxes mesangial cells - dilates systemic blood vessels
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A decrease in blood pressure
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results in the release of renin from the kidneys.
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results in the release of renin from the kidneys.
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increases the amount of carbon dioxide eliminated from the body.
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During exercise, dehydration will cause a net movement of water
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from intracellular fluid to extracellular fluid.
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Angiotensin II can signal the hypothalamus to release _____________ hormone from the posterior pituitary.
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antidiuretic
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Use the words "increase" or "decrease" to complete the sentence. An increase in ADH production results in a(n) _____in water reabsorption in the kidneys, whereas a decrease in ADH production results in a(n) ___in water reabsorption in the kidneys.
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increase decrease
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Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. 1. noneletrolyte 2. electrolyte - urea - sodium hydroxide - hyrdochloric acid - sodium chloride - creatinine - glucose
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1. noneletrolyte - urea - creatinine - glucose 2. electrolyte - sodium hydroxide - hyrdochloric acid - sodium chloride
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T or F: Individuals with a lower percentage of body fluid are more susceptible to a fluid imbalance.
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true
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Angiotensin II results in
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a decrease in urine output.
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Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?
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Approximately two-thirds of the water is in the intracellular fluid compartment.
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Urine that is always formed, regardless of the hydration state of the body, is an example of __________ water loss.
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obligatory
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Identify whether each circumstance provided will promote an increase or decrease in blood pressure. 1. Promotes an Increase in Blood Pressure 2. Promotes a Decrease in Blood Pressure - decreased sodium reabsorption - increasing levels of aldosterone - vasodilation - increased release of renin - declining levels of ADH - vasoconstriction - increased activity of ACE
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1. Promotes an Increase in Blood Pressure - increasing levels of aldosterone - increased release of renin - vasoconstriction - increased activity of ACE 2. Promotes a Decrease in Blood Pressure - decreased sodium reabsorption - vasodilation - declining levels of ADH
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Match the causes listed below with the correct acid/base disorder. 1. Metabolic Acidosis 2. Metabolic Alkalosis 3. Respiratory Alkalosis 4. Respiratory Acidosis - emphysema - hypersecretion of aldosterone - taking too many antacids - hyperventialtion - asthma - hyperkalemia - diabetes melitus
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1. Metabolic Acidosis - hyperkalemia - diabetes melitus 2. Metabolic Alkalosis - hypersecretion of aldosterone - taking too many antacids 3. Respiratory Alkalosis - hyperventialtion 4. Respiratory Acidosis - emphysema - asthma
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Indicate whether the given act would create water retention or water loss in the body. 1. causes water retention 2. causes water loss - aldosterone hyposecretion - increased osmolarity of blood - renin release - hemorrhage - decreased renal tubular reabsorption - ADH hypersecretion - ingestion of water
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1. causes water retention - increased osmolarity of blood - renin release - ADH hypersecretion - ingestion of water 2. causes water loss - aldosterone hyposecretion hemorrhage - decreased renal tubular reabsorption
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Indicate whether the given act would increase or decrease water levels in the body. 1. decrease 2. increase - sweating - breathing - defecating - urinating - cutaneous transpiration - eating - drinking
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1. decrease - sweating - breathing - defecating - urinating - cutaneous transpiration 2. increase - eating - drinking
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Antiduretic hormone release results in
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increased water reabsorption in the kidneys.
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Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. 1. volume depletion 2. volume excess 3. dehydration 4. hyptonic hydration 5. fluid sequestration - positive water balance - profuse sweating - kidneys decrease fluid loss - edema - pleural effusion - diarrhea - hemmorhage
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1. volume depletion - diarrhea - hemmorhage 2. volume excess - kidneys decrease fluid loss 3. dehydration - profuse sweating 4. hyptonic hydration - positive water balance 5. fluid sequestration - edema - pleural effusion
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Drag each label to the appropriate position to identify whether the label is referring to properties of the respiratory or renal compensation mechanism for acid-base balance. 1. respiratory compensation 2. renal compensation - increased respiratory rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide expired - requires hypernea to release acid to the environment - slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH - marked by hypercapnia - the faster acting compensation mechanism - effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer - relies on the secretion of H+ - useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain
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1. respiratory compensation - increased respiratory rate increases the amount of carbon dioxide expired - requires hypernea to release acid to the environment - marked by hypercapnia - the faster acting compensation mechanism - useful for acute imbalances due to surprise or emotional strain 2. renal compensation - slower to respond to pH imbalances but better at restoring a fully normal pH - effective at compensating for pH imbalances that last for a few days or longer - relies on the secretion of H+
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Which stimulus for increasing thirst and water intake is monitored by the thirst center directly?
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Increased blood osmolarity
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As blood pH becomes too high, the kidneys
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reabsorb H+.
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Classify the given terms or examples with the appropriate category. 1. Metabolic Acid-base Disturbance 2. Respiratory Acid-base Disturbance - muscular dystrophy - emphysema - renal dysfunction - aspirin overdose - congested heart failure - diabetes mellitus - severe diarrhea - vomiting
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1. Metabolic Acid-base Disturbance - renal dysfunction - diabetes mellitus - severe diarrhea - vomiting 2. Respiratory Acid-base Disturbance - muscular dystrophy - emphysema - aspirin overdose - congested heart failure
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Arrange the events leading to respiratory alkalosis. 1. anxiety 2. fever 3. poisoning 4. high altitude 9. respiratory alkalosis - decrease in concentration of H2CO3 - hyperventialtion - decrease in concentration of H+ - excessive loss of CO2
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1. anxiety 2. fever 3. poisoning 4. high altitude - hyperventialtion - excessive loss of CO2 - decrease in concentration of H2CO3 - decrease in concentration of H+ 9. respiratory alkalosis
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Identify the most accurate cause or outcome of the situation described on each label. 1. Result of ADH Release 2. Stimulates Release of ADH - increased blood osmolarity - drinking water - reduction in urine volume - increased aquaporin production - reduction in total body water - increased water reabsorption from kidney tubules
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1. Result of ADH Release - drinking water - reduction in urine volume - increased aquaporin production - increased water reabsorption from kidney tubules 2. Stimulates Release of ADH - increased blood osmolarity - reduction in total body water
