Industry and Culture in the Late 1800s – Flashcards
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From 1873 to 1893, the economy experienced
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intense competition for markets
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In the late nineteenth century both "Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt, Thomas A. Scott, and Jay Gould organized
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complex, transcontinental railroad lines.
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By the end of the nineteenth century, the United States' industrial capacity
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dwarfed both Great Britain's and Germany's.
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By the middle of the 1880s, __________ monopolized the oil industry in the United States.
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John D. Rockefeller
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In the new types of work, women found in the late nineteenth century, they
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were often hired as salespersons in department stores because managers considered them easier to control than men.
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When compared to others in the late nineteenth century, farmers experienced
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declining status.
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The major development in retailing during this period was the
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growth of huge urban department stores.
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In 1890, Congress tried to restore competition by outlawing the restraint of interstate trade by corporate monopolies with the __________ Act.
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Sherman Antitrust
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Henry George, author of Progress and Poverty, advocated
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the single tax.
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Most Americans reacted to the growth of huge industrial and financial organizations and the increasing complexity of economic relations by
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fearing monopolistic power, yet being greedy for all the new goods and services.
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As a result of the __________, membership in the Knights of Labor declined quickly because the public associated unions with violence and radicalism.
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Haymarket Square Riot
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The federal regulatory board, established in 1887 by Congress to supervise the affairs of railroads, investigate complaints, and issue "cease and desist" orders against railroads acting illegally, was the
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Interstate Commerce Commission.
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The main reason for immigration to the United States during the late nineteenth century was the
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desire for economic betterment.
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Andrew Carnegie was one of the first great tycoons to realize the importance of
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developing technological improvements.
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In general, the workers who were usually well-off as a result of late nineteenth-century industrialization were
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skilled industrial workers.
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The urban ethnic neighborhoods of the late nineteenth century were
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crowded and unhealthy.
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Technological changes in the petroleum industry in the late nineteenth century
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occurred rapidly and put a premium on refining efficiency.
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According to your text, by the end of the nineteenth century, American intellectual and cultural life
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finally emerged from the shadow of Europe.
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Industrialist Andrew Carnegie donated millions of dollars to help
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build public libraries.
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The leader of the American Railway Union in its dramatic 1894 strike against the Pullman Palace Car Company was
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Eugene Debs
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Census records reveal that the average urban American of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
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experienced considerable geographical mobility.
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When J. P. Morgan assembled United States Steel, he
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formed the first billion dollar corporation
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After the railroads, the second most important development in America's industrial advance in the late nineteenth century was the transformation of
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iron manufacturing.
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Railroads commonly encouraged large shippers to use their lines through
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giving them rebates
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Henry George, Edward Bellamy, and Henry Demarest Lloyd were all late nineteenth century
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radical reformers.
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The Morrill Act land-grant university system
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was co-educational from the start.
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Generally speaking, the formation of monopolies during the 1870s caused a
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drop in prices
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In the 25 years after the Civil War, railroads
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were probably the most significant element in American development.
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Beginning in the 1880s, the source of American immigration shifted to new immigrants from
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southern and eastern Europe
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The theory of evolution by natural selection which helped Americans justify their exploitation of others was the work of
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Charles Darwin.
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The most influential social Darwinist was the English thinker
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Herbert Spencer
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Known as the "Wizard of Menlo Park," the inventor of the phonograph and the electric light bulb was
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Thomas A. Edison
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In the late nineteenth century, the new technology of the web press and the linotype machine
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sharply cut printing costs for newspapers.
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The first newspaper editor to reach a truly massive audience without abandoning his basic integrity was
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Joseph Pulitzer
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Harper's, The Century, and Atlantic Monthly were all magazines specializing in
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serious, conservative articles
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In 1869, __________ introduced the elective system and took the lead in reforming higher education in the Gilded Age.
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Harvard
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Johns Hopkins became the leader in graduate education under the presidency of
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Daniel Coit Gilman
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The Morrill Act land-grant university system
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was co-educational from the start
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Vassar College holds the distinction of
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being the first college for women.
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In The Higher Learning in America, Thorstein Veblen
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criticized the intrusion of business into universities
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Members of the institutionalist school of economics such as Richard T. Ely and John R. Commons thought that
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actual industrial conditions should be studied with practical social reform as a goal.
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Like other new political scientists, Woodrow Wilson believed that politics was
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a dynamic process
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According to German educator Johann Friedrich Herbart, good teaching called for
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psychological insight and imagination.
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The educator John Dewey insisted that
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education was the fundamental method of social progress.
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The emphasis of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. upon evolutionary change had a profound impact upon twentieth century
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jurisprudence.
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In his frontier thesis, Frederick Jackson Turner argued that
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the frontier gave Americans their unique character
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American literature immediately following the Civil War might best be described as
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unrealistic, sentimental pandering to middle-class preconceptions.
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The new literary style of the 1870s and 1880s which often examined social problems such as slum conditions and portrayed people of every social class was
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realism.
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The author of novels such as Huckleberry Finn, whose acute reportorial eyes and ears caught the spirit of his age, was
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Mark Twain
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The most influential literary critic of the late nineteenth century was
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William Dean Howells.
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The late nineteenth-century naturalist writers, such as Stephen Crane, portrayed
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humans as mere animals in a merciless Darwinian world.
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The author who spent most of his adult life in Europe, writing about the clash between American and European values in a rarefied, overly subtle style was
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Henry James
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In works like The Gross Clinic, American painter Thomas Eakins
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captured the realism of the new scientific age
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Probably the most famous painting by an American, Arrangement in Grey and Black, is the work of
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James A. McNeill Whistler.
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The American expatriate artist deeply influenced by French Impressionism was
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Mary Cassatt.
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The most influential philosopher of his times and the main exponent of pragmatism was
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William James.
