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memory

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Internal record or representation of some prior event or experience

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constructive process

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Organizing and shaping of information during processing, storage, and retrieval of memories

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encoding storage, retrieval (ESR) model

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Memory is formed through three processes: encoding (getting information in), storage (retaining information for future use), and retrieval (recovering information)

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encoding

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Processing information into the memory system

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storage

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Retaining information for future use

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retrieval

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Recovering information from memory storage

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levels of processing model

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Degree or depth of mental processing occurring when material is initially encountered; determines how well material is later remembered

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maintenance rehearsal

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Repeating information over and over to maintain it in short-term memory (STM)

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elaborative rehearsal

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Linking new information to previously stored material (also known as deeper levels of processing)

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parallel distributed processing (PDP)

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Memory results from weblike connections among interacting processing units operating simultaneously, rather than sequentially (also known as the connectionist model)

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three-stage memory model

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Memory storage requires passage of information through three stages (sensory, short-term, and long-term)

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sensory memory

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First memory stage that holds sensory information; relatively large capacity, but duration is only a few seconds

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short-term memory (STM)

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Second memory stage that temporarily stores sensory information and decides whether to send it on to long-term memory (LTM); capacity is limited to five to nine items and duration is about 30 seconds

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chunking

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Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit (or chunk)

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working memory

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Alternate term for short-term memory (STM), which emphasizes the active processing of information

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long-term memory (LTM)

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Third stage of memory that stores information for long periods of time; its capacity is virtually limitless, and its duration is relatively permanent

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explicit (declarative) memory

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Subsystem within long-term memory that consciously stores facts, information, and personal life experiences

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semantic memory

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Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores general knowledge; a mental encyclopedia or dictionary

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episodic memory

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Subsystem of explicit/declarative memory that stores memories of personally experienced events; a mental diary of a person's life

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implicit (nondeclarative) memory

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Subsystem within long-term memory consisting of unconscious procedural skills and simple classically conditioned responses

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serial-position effect

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Information at the beginning and end of a list is remembered better than material in the middle

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retrieval cue

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Clue or prompt that helps stimulate recall or retrieval of a stored piece of information from long-term memory

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recall

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Retrieving a memory using a general cue

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recognition

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Retrieving a memory using a specific cue

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priming

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Prior exposure to a stimulus (or prime) facilitates or inhibits the processing of new information, even when one has no conscious memory of the initial learning and storage

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encoding specificity principle

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Retrieval of information is improved when conditions of recovery are similar to the conditions when information was encoded

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relearning

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Learning material a second time, which usually takes less time than original learning (also called the savings method)

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retroactive interference

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New information interferes with remembering old information; backward-acting interference

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proactive interference

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Old information interferes with remembering new information; forward-acting interference

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tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) phenomenon

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Feeling that specific information is stored in long-term memory but being temporarily unable to retrieve it

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misinformation effect

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Memory distortion resulting from misleading post-event information

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source amnesia

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Forgetting the true source of a memory (also called source confusion or source misattribution)

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sleeper effect

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Information from an unreliable source, which was initially discounted, later gains credibility because the source is forgotten

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distributed practice

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Practice (or study) sessions are interspersed with rest periods

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massed practice

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Time spent learning is grouped (or massed) into long, unbroken intervals (also known as cramming)

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long-term potentiation (LTP)

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Long-lasting increase in neural excitability, which may be a biological mechanism for learning and memory

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retrograde amnesia

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Loss of memory for events before a brain injury; backward-acting amnesia

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consolidation

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Process by which neural changes associated with recent learning become durable and stable

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anterograde amnesia

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Inability to form new memories after a brain injury; forward-acting amnesia

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Alzheimer's (ALTS-high-merz) disease (AD)

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Progressive mental deterioration characterized by severe memory loss

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mnemonic (nih-MON-ik) device

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Memory-improvement technique based on encoding items in a special way

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le chen

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director of marketing...college as his oldest son

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lily montano

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hr - asst

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libby bell

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co pres

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chip smith

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3 pm - vp of hr

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linda brown

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hr director

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louis king

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dir of investor relations...since founded

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bobby waters

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dir of labor relations - summer internship in nj

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What process can help us retain information in short-term memory? a. encoding b. sensory memorization c. selective forgetting d. maintenance rehearsal

answer

d. maintenance rehearsal

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What are two processes that can help us strengthen long-term memory? a. sensory memory and maintenance rehearsal b. organization and elaborative rehearsal c. maintenance rehearsal and organization d. stimulus retrieval and sensory memory

answer

b. organization and elaborative rehearsal

question

What are the stages of memory in the traditional three-stage model? a. passive sensory stage, active sensory stage, long-term memory stage b. perceptual rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, maintenance rehearsal c. encoding, entering, enshrining d. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

answer

d. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

question

The human memory ___________. a. is like a video recorder b. is an exact storehouse of all information we encounter c. processes, stores, and retrieves information d. is like a small replica of the environment

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c. processes, stores, and retrieves information

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The first stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. retrieval memory b. encoded memory c. sensory memory d. picture memory

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c. sensory memory

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How long is information held in sensory memory storage? a. minutes b. moments c. a lifetime d. days

answer

b. moments

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If information is not quickly transferred from sensory to ____ it is lost. a. maintenance rehearsal b. long-term memory c. short-term memory d. perceptual

answer

c. short-term memory

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The second stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. retrieval memory b. encoded memory c. short-term memory d. sensory memory

answer

c. short-term memory

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How much information can be held in short-term memory at once? a. any novel or important stimuli b. up to 40 items c. every sight, sound, taste, and smell d. about 5-9 items

answer

d. about 5-9 items

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Which of the following does NOT happen to information in short-term memory? a. it is retrieved b. it passes into more permanent storage c. it is lost d. it is used

answer

a. it is retrieved

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How long is information held in short-term memory storage? a. less than a minute b. one moment c. a lifetime d. about 5-9 days

answer

a. less than a minute

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Maintenance rehearsal is: a. not useful for information you need to use immediately b. better than sensory encoding because it includes more stimuli c. an important part of long-term memory d. precarious, because if repetition is interrupted the information is lost

answer

d. precarious, because if repetition is interrupted the information is lost

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The third stage of the traditional three-stage memory model is: a. picture memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. retrieval memory

answer

c. long-term memory

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Enhancing transfer of information to long-term memory by building in additional cues is called: a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. motivational learning d. sensory encoding

answer

a. elaborative rehearsal

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Long-term memory is believed to have an unlimited capacity. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Which of the following are subsystems of implicit/non-declarative memory? a. semantic and episodic memory b. semantic and procedural memory c. procedural and classically conditioned memory d. classically conditioned and episodic memory e. semantic, procedural, and episodic memory

answer

c. procedural and classically conditioned memory

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_______ memories are not as easily forgotten as _______ memories. a. episodic; semantic b. procedural; classically conditioned c. semantic; implicit d. explicit; procedural e. implicit; explicit

answer

e. implicit; explicit

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Being able to name the capitals of all 50 states is an example of what type of memory? a. implicit b. semantic c. classically conditioned d. episodic e. procedural

answer

b. semantic

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An eyewitness in the courtroom typically gives an impartial, detailed, and accurate recollection of events. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

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Although our memory of a frightening event may be strong... a. we may focus on key elements, such as weapons, while ignoring other details. b. we may be caught off-guard by a surprising incident, and be too confused to remember details. c. we can be affected by schemas or suggestions others ask us after the incident d. we may experience information overload, which exceeds our short-term memory capacity e. all of the above

answer

e. all of the above

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According to the research, women are better at recalling details about men, while men are better at recalling details about women. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

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How does the brain store long term memories? a. when nerve cells make new connections in the brain b. when new neurons are created within the brain tissue c. in chemical pathways within the hippocampus d. in electrical pathways within the cerebral cortex

answer

a. when nerve cells make new connections in the brain

question

What is a prion? a. a protein that can change its shape b. a virus that can become active years later c. a chemical messenger d. a hormone found in the brain

answer

a. a protein that can change its shape

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In the video, which type of animal was studied for much of the research on memory? a. sea slug b. dolphin c. star fish d. pigeon

answer

a. sea slug

question

Which of the following statements about the parallel distributed processing (PDP) model is FALSE? a. The brain is capable of instantaneous information processing. b. Human memory occurs simultaneously through the action of multiple networks. c. When it comes to memory, the human brain operates like a computer. d. Memory results from connections among interacting processing units that are distributed in a vast network.

answer

c. When it comes to memory, the human brain operates like a computer.

question

Which of the following statements about short-term memory (STM) is FALSE? a. The capacity of STM is about five to nine items. b. STM stores exact duplicates of sensory memory. c. Information in STM is either transferred quickly into the next stage (LTM) or it is lost. d. The duration of STM is about 30 seconds unless the information is being maintained by rehearsal or another type of processing.

answer

b. STM stores exact duplicates of sensory memory.

question

Credit card numbers, social security identification numbers, and telephone numbers are all grouped into three or four units separated by hyphens. The numbers are easier to remember when they are grouped into units. Grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit is called _____________. a. chunking b. central executive c. maintenance rehearsal d. visuospatial sketchpad

answer

a. chunking

question

Simone is asked for the name of her current psychology instructor. This information can be found within ______________. a. procedural memory b. implicit/nondeclarative memory c. explicit/declarative memory d. semantic memory

answer

c. explicit/declarative memory

question

Jackie studied her notes for her engineering exam in the same order each night. What is likely to happen during the exam? a. She is likely to remember the material at the beginning and end of her notes better than the material in the middle. b. The order of presentation makes no difference in learning. c. She will remember the material in the middle most accurately. d. Studying the notes in the same order will help her remember all the material equally well.

answer

a. She is likely to remember the material at the beginning and end of her notes better than the material in the middle.

question

Mona's sister called to tell her the new cell phone number, and on her way to write it down her son asked what was for dinner. When she started to write down the number she realized that she couldn't remember it. This is an example of forgetting due to _____________________. a. memory bias b. proactive interference c. encoding failure d. retroactive interference

answer

c. encoding failure

question

As a college student, Elaine is taking French, but she is having a difficult time with the class. She took Spanish as a high school student and believes that the Spanish that she learned is interfering with her ability to learn French. This is an example of: a. proactive interference b. encoding failure c. retrograde amnesia d. retroactive interference

answer

a. proactive interference

question

At Peter's high school reunion, he saw fellow classmates whom he had not seen in many years. Several of them brought up memories that they had of Peter in high school. The most embarrassing stories were basically factual and made Peter cringe. Until being reminded by his old schoolmates, Peter had long forgotten these incidents. This is an example of which type of forgetting? a. motivated forgetting theory b. retroactive interference c. anterograde amnesia d. encoding failure

answer

a. motivated forgetting theory

question

When Jane first heard about the latest weight loss scheme on a late night "infomercial," she discounted the information as unreliable. Later, she began to think about the information as being credible because she thought that she had heard it while watching a documentary on obesity. This is an example of __________. a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon b. repression c. encoding failure d. the sleeper effect

answer

d. the sleeper effect

question

Hearing a movie star discuss problems with global warming and later believing you read it in your college biology text is an example of the ______. a. information overload b. misinformation effect c. sleeper effect d. Zeigarnik effect

answer

c. sleeper effect

question

John studied for his psychology exam for approximately 90 minutes every night for five nights in a row. Bill crammed for nearly eight hours the day before the exam. Which person is likely to perform better on the exam? a. Bill is more likely to perform better because he studied closer to the actual test time. b. It is impossible to say who is likely to do better. c. The two men will perform equally well because they invested roughly the same amount of time preparing. d. John is more likely to perform better because he spread his study time out and took rest breaks.

answer

d. John is more likely to perform better because he spread his study time out and took rest breaks.

question

A relatively permanent change in the strength of synaptic responsiveness believed to be a biological mechanism for learning and memory is called _____. a. the process of neuron transformation b. reverberating circuits c. long-term potentiation (LTP) d. an excitatory post-synaptic potential

answer

c. long-term potentiation (LTP)

question

Jonathan is an alcoholic and was in a terrible automobile crash. He can't remember events that occurred after the accident. This memory loss from brain trauma is known as _____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. retroactive c. proactive d. anterograde

answer

d. anterograde

question

The patient H. M. was unable to remember information from the last few years before his operation and has difficulty forming new memories. This is because of _____. a. anterograde amnesia b. probable damage to his temporal lobes c. retrograde amnesia d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Janie has vivid emotional images of the World Trade Center collapse , this is known as ________. a. long-term potentiation (LTP) b. a flashbulb memory c. reintegration d. all of the above

answer

b. a flashbulb memory

question

We have learned through research that when "fight-or-flight" neurotransmitters increase typically there is a/an _______________ of new information and then with prolonged stress that the increase can ________________. a. increase in storage; continue indefinitely b. confusion; improve the clarity of memories recalled c. increase in storage; interfere with memory d. decrease in memory storage; accentuate memory loss

answer

c. increase in storage; interfere with memory

question

Marilynn's doctor believes that she may have Alzheimer's disease (AD) because her family has been reporting signs of________________. a. gradual episodic memory loss and severe semantic memory loss b. gradual memory loss for recent events c. progressive mental deterioration with severe memory loss d. sudden memory loss

answer

c. progressive mental deterioration with severe memory loss

question

When he gives a speech in class, Greg uses a mnemonic device developed by early Greek and Roman orators. He imagines that parts of his speech are attached to places inside a familiar building. During the speech, he mentally "walks around" the building and visualizes each point in order. This mnemonic device is called: a. peg-word method b. substitute word method c. method of word association d. method of loci

answer

d. method of loci

question

Valerie uses the word "JAMBO" to help remember the names of her cousins; James, Adam, Matthew, Bryon and Orville; that she typically only sees at family reunions This mnemonic memory device is called. a. method of loci b. acronym method c. substitute word method d. peg-word method

answer

b. acronym method

question

Since Mandy wanted successfully store information in LTM what technique would you recommend? a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. interference reduction d. hierarchy creation

answer

d. hierarchy creation

question

Which of the following is not a memory improvement technique cited in the text? a. rehearsal techniques b. time management c. humorous imagery d. mnemonic devices

answer

c. humorous imagery

question

The method of loci mnemonic system uses _____ to organize information to be learned. a. images of physical locations b. numbers c. images of objects to represent numbers d. substitute words

answer

a. images of physical locations

question

To remember the names of the Great Lakes (Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior), it helps to remember the word "HOMES" which provides the first letter for each lake's name. This mnemonic device is called: a. substitute word method b. acronyms c. method of loci d. peg-word method

answer

b. acronyms

question

Which of the following statements about cultural differences in memory is TRUE? a. Children living in cultures rich in oral tradition have better memories for information related through stories than do other children. b. Formal schooling helps develop memory strategies for things like lists of words, which pre-literate subjects may see as unrelated and meaningless. c. People tend to develop memory skills to match the demands of their environments. d. All of the above are true statements.

answer

d. All of the above are true statements.

question

Memory research suggests that, in comparison to literate cultures, preliterate cultures _____. a. are not affected by the recency effect b. are better at face-recognition memory tasks c. demonstrate better recall for orally presented stories d. have better short-term, but worse long-term memory abilities

answer

c. demonstrate better recall for orally presented stories

question

This is an internal record or representation of some prior event or experience. a. Cognition b. Intellect c. Memory d. Perception 1

answer

c. Memory

question

Which of the following will improve encoding? a. Shallow processing and divided attention b. Selective attention and shallow processing c. Selective attention and effortful processing d. Divided attention and effortful processing 7

answer

c. Selective attention and effortful processing

question

The thought that our brains perform multiple parallel operations at one time is called the ______ model of memory. a. information processing b. parallel distributed processing c. connectionist d. both parallel distributed processing and connectionist 12

answer

d. both parallel distributed processing and connectionist

question

The following descriptions are characteristic of _____: information lasts for a few seconds or less, a large but not unlimited storage capacity, and transmission of an accurate but not perfect "image." a. sensory memory b. working memory c. perceptual processes d. short-term storage 17

answer

a. sensory memory

question

When you swallow the last bite of a divine piece of chocolate and continue to experience the delightful taste for a bit longer, you are utilizing your _____. a. sensory memory system b. mnemonic devices c. imaginary sensory system d. hedonistic nature 22

answer

a. sensory memory system

question

Miguel has an average memory capacity. Which of the following lists is the MOST likely to forget? a. Karen, Kathy, Katie, Keith, Kevin, Kim b. IBM, CBS, FBI, CIA, NBC, ABC, ESP b. ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ c. 123, 456, 789, 987, 654, 321 28

answer

b. ZKQ, LMP, TSC, XRJ

question

Knowledge of facts and the relationships between them is called _____ memory, whereas knowledge of events is called _____ memory. a. informative; autobiographical b. factual; landmark c. semantic; episodic d. acquired; innate 38

answer

c. semantic; episodic

question

With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _____. a. episodic memory b. explicit memory c. semantic memory d. procedural memory 43

answer

d. procedural memory

question

This is an encoding technique linking new information to previously stored material in LTM. a. Maintenance rehearsal b. Shallow processing c. Elaborative rehearsal d. Hierarchical encoding 47

answer

c. Elaborative rehearsal

question

The serial position effect suggests that people will remember _____ items better than _____ items on a list. a. end; middle or beginning b. middle and end; beginning c. beginning and end; middle d. beginning; middle or end 52

answer

c. beginning and end; middle

question

To measure Anita's retention of the poems she learned 15 years ago, the time it took her to review, recall and recite the poetry was recorded. This is an example of _____. a. a recall ratio b. relearning c. reintegration d. none of these options 68

answer

b. relearning

question

A retrieval failure that involves a sensation of knowing something, but being temporarily unable to retrieve it is called _____. a. reintegration b. state-dependent forgetting c. regressed repression d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon 76

answer

d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

question

Cross-cultural studies suggest where formal schooling as a rule people _____________. a. learn information presented last (recency effect) b. learn memory strategies that help them remember lists c. learn nonverbal information d. learn spatial tasks 91

answer

b. learn memory strategies that help them remember lists

question

This is a vivid memory of circumstances associated with strongly emotional or surprise events that triggers hormone release. a. Flashbulb memory b. Eidetic memory c. The Zeigarnik effect d. Photographic memory 98

answer

a. Flashbulb memory

question

The lobe(s) that take(s) the heaviest hit in a TBI is/are the _______ lobe(s). a. frontal b. temporal c. occipital d. both frontal and temporal e. all of these 104

answer

d. both frontal and temporal

question

Anterograde amnesia is the inability to _____ after an injury. a. recall your grade point average b. remember where you live c. form new memories d. recall old memories 109

answer

c. form new memories

question

June-bug has Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following is she MOST likely to forget? a. why her sisters added the "bug" to her name when they were kids b. how to tie her shoes c. how to shift gears in her Mercedes d. all of these options 113

answer

a. why her sisters added the "bug" to her name when they were kids

question

According to research, eyewitnesses generally report _____ confidence in the accuracy of their inaccurate memories. a. moderate b. very little c. strong d. little 117

answer

c. strong

question

Your textbook author summarizes specific study tips compiled from memory research. These tips include all the following EXCEPT _____. a. reduce interference b. review information by sometimes starting in the middle sections of a chapter c. employ massed practice d. use mnemonics 121

answer

c. employ massed practice

question

James uses the _____ mnemonic device for remembering that the names of the Great lakes start with the letters in HOMES. a. method of loci b. word association c. acronym d. peg word 128

answer

c. acronym

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