Flashcards on Exam 3 Study Guide

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The years from 2 to 6 are often called "the __________ years."

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play

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During early childhood, boys __________ than girls.

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are slightly larger

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________for one population are not good standards for children elsewhere in the world.

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Growth norms

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X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's...

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skeletal age.

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Which of the following U.S. children is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?

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Brooke, an obese girl

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Between ages 2 and 6,

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the brain increases from 70 percent of its adult weight to 90 percent.

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By age 4 to 5,

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the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is nearly double the adult value.

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An __________ of __________ during early childhood supports plasticity of the young brain, helping to ensure the child will acquire certain abilities even if some areas are damaged.

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overabundance; synaptic connections

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For most children,

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the left hemisphere is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off.

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Which of the following skills develops at the fastest pace during early childhood?

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using language

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Handedness

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reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action.

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For the left-handed 10 percent of the population, language is

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most often shared between the hemispheres.

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Jim sometimes uses his right hand skillfully, but he prefers his left hand. Jim

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is ambidextrous.

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Felicity and Samantha are identical twins. They are

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more likely than ordinary siblings to differ in hand preference.

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Which of the following statements regarding handedness is true?

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Rates of left-handedness are elevated among people with intellectual disabilities and mental illness.

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Growth and myelination of fibers linking the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex contributes to __________ in early childhood.

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dramatic gains in motor coordination

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The reticular formation is located in the

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brain stem.

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The hippocampus plays a vital role in

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memory.

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Neurons in the __________ send out fibers to the prefrontal cortex, contributing to improvements in sustained, controlled attention.

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reticular formation

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The amygdala

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is sensitive to facial emotional expressions, especially fear.

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Which of the following is a function of the corpus callosum?

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It supports smooth coordination of movements on both sides of the body.

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Which of the following statements is supported by research on lead exposure during childhood?

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Overall, poorer intelligence test scores associated with lead exposure seem to be permanent.

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Research on lead exposure during childhood reveals that

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a stressed, disorganized home life seems to heighten lead-induced damage.

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The __________ plays a critical role in the rate of physical growth.

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pituitary gland

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Without medical intervention, children who suffer from __________ reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet.

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growth hormone (GH) deficiency

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Dmitri, age 5, suffers from extreme emotional deprivation. He is very short in stature, shows decreased secretion of growth hormone (GH) and melatonin, has an immature skeletal age, and displays serious adjustment problems. These are typical characteristics of

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psychosocial dwarfism.

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When young children with psychosocial dwarfism are removed from their emotionally inadequate environments,

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their growth hormone (GH) levels quickly return to normal and they grow rapidly.

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Sleep contributes to body growth because

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growth hormone (GH) is released during the child's sleeping hours.

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Which of the following 3-year-olds is most likely to share a bedroom with a sibling?

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Jacob, who is Caucasian

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Which of the following may be a reason that disrupted sleep has a more pronounced effect on the cognitive functioning and emotional adjustment of low-SES children?

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Insufficient sleep heightens the impact of other environmental stressors prevalent in their daily lives.

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Research on sleep demonstrates that

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sleep terrors can be triggered by stress or extreme fatigue.

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Which of the following statements about appetite in early childhood is true?

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Preschoolers' wariness of new foods is adaptive.

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Brianna, age 4, eats only pasta, bread, and chicken. Which of the following would you suggest to Brianna's parents to encourage their daughter to eat new foods?

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Repeatedly expose her to new foods without any direct pressure to eat them.

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Which of the following statements is supported by research on nutrition?

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Offering children sweet fruit drinks or soft drinks promotes "milk avoidance."

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During the preschool years,

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the emotional climate at mealtimes has a powerful impact on eating habits.

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Sophia's parents will not allow her to eat any sugary foods. This practice will most likely

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focus Sophia's attention on sugary foods.

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Which of the following statements about nutrition in the United States is true?

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By the school years, low-SES U.S. children are, on average, about ½ to 1 inch shorter than their economically advantaged counterparts.

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Illnesses such as measles and chicken pox

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occur much earlier in developing nations than in industrialized nations.

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__________ depresses the body's immune system, making children more susceptible to disease.

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Poor diet

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In developing countries, widespread __________, resulting from unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to growth stunting and an estimated one million childhood deaths each year.

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diarrhea

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In developing countries, most childhood deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with ______________.

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Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)

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Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and zinc supplement interventions

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save the lives of millions of children each year.

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In industrialized nations, childhood diseases have declined dramatically during the past half century, largely as a result of

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widespread immunization of infants and young children.

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Which of the following children is most likely to lack immunizations?

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Emma, who is from the United States

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Which of the following statements about childhood immunizations is true?

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Overall, 17 percent of U.S. preschoolers lack essential immunizations, and the rate rises to 22 percent for poverty-stricken children.

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Three-year-old Billy caught five colds during his first year in preschool. He also experienced repeated otitis media. If Billy is like other children with frequent otitis media, he may have trouble

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attending to others' speech.

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Which of the following statements about otitis media is true?

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Plastic tubes that drain the Eustachian tubes often are used to treat chronic otitis media in children.

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__________ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations.

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Unintentional injuries

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In the United States, __________ is/are the most frequent source of childhood injury.

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motor vehicle collisions

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Childhood injuries

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occur within a complex ecological system and can often be prevented.

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__________ are at greater risk for injury than __________.

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U.S. children from advantaged families; children in Western Europe

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Which of the following statements about preventing childhood injury is true?

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In the United States, 84 percent of infant seats and 40 percent of child booster seats are improperly used.

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When it comes to injury prevention, American parents

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seem willing to ignore familiar safety practices, perhaps because of the high value they place on personal freedom.

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As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,

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balance improves greatly.

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Between the ages of 2 and 3 years, most children learn how to

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push a riding toy with their feet.

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Harvey, age 3, can probably

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zip and unzip large zippers.

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Caitlyn, age 4, can probably

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use a fork effectively.

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Most 5- to 6-year-olds learn how to

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draw a person with six parts.

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Which of the following children can likely dress and undress without supervision?

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Lillian, who is 4 years old

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Which of the following statements about self-help skills is true?

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Between ages 4 and 5, children can dress and undress without supervision.

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Perhaps the most complex self-help skill of early childhood is

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shoe tying.

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When adults draw with children and point out resemblances between drawings and objects,

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preschoolers' pictures become more comprehensible and detailed.

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A major milestone in drawing occurs when 3- and 4-year-olds learn to

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use lines to represent the boundaries of objects.

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Anya, age 4, is asked to draw a picture of a person. She will probably

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draw a circular shape with lines attached, and add features such as eyes, nose, mouth, and hair.

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Jesi, age 3, is asked to draw a cylinder. Based on her age, she will probably draw

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a circle, an oval, or a rectangle.

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Which of the following statements about artistic development in China is true?

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When taught to paint, Chinese children follow prescribed brush strokes, at first copying their teacher's model.

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Cross-cultural research indicates that children benefit from __________ in learning to draw.

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adult guidance

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In cultures with little interest in art,

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even older children and adolescents produce simple forms.

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Preschoolers' first attempts to print often involve

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their name.

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Three-year-olds

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vary their pencil grip, depending on the location of marks they want to make.

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Which of the following statements about individual differences in motor skills during early childhood is true?

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Girls have an edge over boys in fine-motor skills.

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Which of the following statements is supported by research on sex differences in motor skills?

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Sex differences in motor skills increase with age, but they remain small throughout childhood.

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Direct instruction in which of the following activities is most likely to accelerate gross-motor development in early childhood?

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Throwing

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For preschoolers to easily acquire new motor skills,

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playgrounds must offer a range of equipment to meet the diverse needs of individual children.

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Which of the following statements about body growth in early childhood is true?

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The rapid increase in body size of the first two years tapers off into a slower growth pattern.

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According to Piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the increase in

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Representational activity

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Piaget believed that sensorimotor activity leads to

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internal images of experience, which children then label with words.

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Piaget believed that through __________, young children practice and strengthen newly acquired representational schemes.

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pretending

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Kyle pretends to drink from a toy cup. Kyle's sister, Anna, takes the same cup and tells him, "This is a hat." Kyle refuses to place the cup on his head to pretend that it is a hat. Kyle is probably

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younger than 2 years of age.

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Make-believe __________ as children realize that agents and recipients of pretend actions can be independent of themselves.

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becomes less self-centered

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Five-year-old Matthew and 6-year-old Jessica like to pretend that they live or work in a zoo. Often, Matthew will pretend to be an animal and Jessica will pretend to be the zookeeper. This is an example of __________ play.

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sociodramatic

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Children as young as age 2 display

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awareness that make-believe is a representational activity.

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Elisabeth is a preschooler who spends much of her time in sociodramatic play. She is likely to be seen as __________ by observers than peers who do not participate in sociodramatic play.

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more socially competent

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Children who create imaginary companions tend to

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be more sociable with peers.

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When shown a LEGO structure made to look like a crayon, 3-year-old Astrid said that the object "really and truly" was a crayon. Astrid is having trouble with

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the appearance-reality distinction.

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Which of the following is the best method of helping children appreciate dual representation?

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exposing children to diverse symbols, such as picture books and maps

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According to Piaget, young children's thinking is rigid and strongly influenced by the way things appear at the moment because they are not capable of

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operations.

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One day during a rainstorm, 4-year-old Isaiah comments to his mother, "The sky is very sad today. We have to do something fun to make it happy again!" Isaiah's belief that it rains because the sky is sad is an example of

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animistic thinking.

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Six-year-old Demetri and 4-year-old Lucien's mother gave each boy a glass of juice with their lunch, but Demetri asked her to switch the juice to another taller and narrower glass. After she poured the liquid from the original glass into the tall glass, Lucien said angrily, "Now Demetri gets more juice than me!" Lucien is displaying a lack of

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conservation.

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Three-year-old Rachael could not solve a conservation-of-liquid task because she focused on the height of the water. Rachael's thinking is characterized by

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centration.

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__________ is part of every logical operation.

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Reversibility

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Piaget's class inclusion problem demonstrates children's limitations in

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hierarchical classification.

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Which of the following statements about follow-up research to preoperational thought is true?

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Children as young as 2 years realize that what they see sometimes differs from what another person sees.

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Four-year-old Maria uses shorter, simpler expressions when interacting with her 2-year-old brother. This example suggests that Piaget may have

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underestimated preschoolers' egocentrism.

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Four-year-old Matthew is given a toy robotic dog for his birthday. Matthew is most likely to

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recognize that the robotic dog is not alive despite its lifelike features.

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Between ages 4 and 8, children's magical beliefs decline as they

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gain familiarity with physical events and principles.

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Which of the following children is the most likely to express disbelief in the Tooth Fairy?

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Jacob, a Jewish boy

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Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that preschoolers do not display the illogical characteristics that Piaget saw when the tasks are

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simplified and made relevant to their everyday lives.

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Preschoolers' ability to reason about transformations is evident on

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tasks that require reasoning by analogy.

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Preschoolers seem to use illogical reasoning

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only when they must grapple with unfamiliar topics.

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By the beginning of early childhood, children's categories include objects that go together because of their common function, behavior, or natural kind. These findings challenge Piaget's assumption that

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preschoolers' thinking is wholly governed by perceptual appearances.

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At age 3, Elliot is able to break down __________ into __________.

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basic-level categories; subcategories

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By age 3½, __________ questions make up about half of children's questions.

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"building"

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Which of the following statements about children's questions is true?

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With age, preschoolers increasingly ask about function, activity, state, and theory of mind.

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The usefulness of children's questions depends on the

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informative value of adults' answers.

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In non-Western village cultures, young children

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rarely ask why-questions, aimed at getting explanations.

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Evidence suggests that Piaget __________ preschoolers' cognitive capabilities.

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was partly wrong and partly right about

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Evidence that logical operations develop gradually and that preschoolers can be trained to perform well on Piagetian tasks pose a serious challenge to Piaget's

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stage concept.

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Some neo-Piagetian theorists combine Piaget's stage approach with the __________ emphasis on task-specific changes.

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information-processing

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Which of the following statements best describes a Piagetian classroom?

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Children are encouraged to discover for themselves through spontaneous interaction with the environment.

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A Piagetian classroom that emphasizes discovery learning would probably include

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a rich variety of activities designed to promote exploration and discovery.

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In his classroom, Mr. Palinco introduces activities that build on his students' current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world, but he is careful not to impose new skills before the children indicate they are interested and ready. Mr. Palinco is adhering to which educational principle derived from Piaget's theory?

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sensitivity to children's readiness to learn

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Vygotsky's theory stresses the __________ of cognitive development.

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social context

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As Sunni plays, she says: "Where's the cup? I want the cup. Oh, there it is. Now, I need the spoon." Sunni is engaging in what researchers now call __________ speech.

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private

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Research shows that young children use private speech

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when tasks are appropriately challenging.

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Children who freely use private speech during a challenging activity __________ than their less talkative agemates.

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show better task performance

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According to Vygotsky, which of the following is within a child's zone of proximal development?

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a task that is too difficult for a child to do alone but possible with the help of others

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Adults try to promote __________ when they translate their own insights in ways that are within a child's grasp.

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intersubjectivity

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While filling in a connect-the-dots page, Amir hesitated. His father asked him, "What comes after 7? Start counting from 1 and see if that helps you remember." Amir recited the numbers and remembered that 8 comes after 7. This is an example of

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scaffolding.

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Barbara Rogoff suggests the term __________ to encompass children's diverse opportunities to learn through involvement with others, applying it as a broader concept than __________.

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guided participation; scaffolding

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In Mr. Naffie's Vygotskian classroom, he guides children's learning with explanations, demonstrations, and verbal prompts, tailoring his interventions to each child's zone of proximal development. This is an example of the Vygotskian principle of

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assisted discovery.

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Vygotskian classrooms are more likely to utilize __________ than Piagetian classrooms.

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peer collaboration

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Vygotsky regarded make-believe play as

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the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development.

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One challenge to Vygotsky's theory is that

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in some cultures, verbal dialogues are not the only means through which children learn.

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Due to the large amounts of time children in village and tribal cultures spend in contact with adult work,

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parents have little need to rely on conversation and play to teach children.

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Young Yucatec Mayan children

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decide for themselves how much to sleep and eat.

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Which of the following is a common criticism of Vygotsky's theory?

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It says too little about how basic cognitive skills contribute to socially transmitted higher cognitive processes.

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Gains in __________ permit preschoolers to generate increasingly complex play and problem-solving goals.

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working memory

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Preschoolers whose parents offer suggestions, questions, and comments that help the child overcome frustration and sustain direction on a challenging task

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are more mature when reassessed a year or two later.

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Seven-year-old Lucia learns much from cultural tools that support __________, such as following directions when playing games with her friends and when she helps her mother cook from recipes.

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planning

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Even preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because they are not skilled at using

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memory strategies.

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______ help children organize, interpret, and predict everyday experiences.

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Scripts

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Lydia acts out her __________ of putting her baby brother to bed when she plays with her doll.

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script

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After a trip to the zoo, 4-year-old Jaden is able to remember the animals he saw and the context in which he saw them. This is an example of

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autobiographical memory.

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Which of the following changes occurs in children's autobiographical memories with age?

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With age, preschoolers increasingly include subjective information.

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After a field trip to the museum, Leslie asks her son, "What was the first thing we did? Why weren't the trains moving? I thought that the pink airplane was really big. What did you think?" Leslie is using a(n) __________ style to elicit her son's autobiographical memory

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elaborative

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After a trip to the supermarket, Raj asks his daughter, "Do you remember the supermarket? What did we do at the supermarket? What food did we buy at the supermarket?" Raj is using a(n) __________ style to elicit his daughter's autobiographical memory.

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repetitive

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Compared with Asian children, Western children produce narratives

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with more talk about their own thoughts and emotions.

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According to __________ theory, when given challenging problems, children try out various strategies and observe which work best, which work less well, and which are ineffective.

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overlapping-waves

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Overlapping-waves theory emphasizes that

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trying many strategies is vital for developing new, more effective solution techniques.

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Theory of mind research indicates that by age 2, children realize that

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others' wants and needs can differ from their own.

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Greta has just been shown two boxes—a plain, unmarked box full of raisins and a familiar marked raisin box that is empty. Next, Greta is asked to predict where another child will look for raisins. This task assesses Greta's understanding of

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false belief.

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Mastery of false belief is associated with early __________ ability.

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reading

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Children with autism

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have narrow and overly intense interests.

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Compared with typically developing children, children with autism

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rarely use mental-state words such as think, feel, and know.

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Some researchers think that autism is due to

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impairment in an innate, core brain function that leaves the child unable to detect others' mental states.

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Chen, a preschooler, is most likely to view the mind as a(n)

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passive container of information.

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Three-year-old Stacy pretends to make a grocery list while in the car on the way to the grocery store. This activity reflects Stacy's

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emergent literacy.

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Which of the following statements about children's emergent literacy is true?

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Many preschoolers think that each letter in a person's signature represents a separate name.

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Anneli's 4-year-old daughter manipulates sounds within words and enjoys rhyming games. Anneli's daughter is demonstrating

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phonological awareness.

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__________, in which adults discuss storybook content with preschoolers, promotes many aspects of language and literacy development

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Interactive reading

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Because low-SES children are read to for an average of just 25 hours over the preschool years,

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they are behind in emergent literacy skills and in reading achievement throughout the school years.

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Eighteen-month-old Jazmin is offered sets of animal crackers. Each set contains 1, 2, or 4 crackers. Jazmin consistently picks the set with the most pieces, displaying a beginning grasp of

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ordinality.

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Four-year-old Jack is a snack helper. He counts five children at his table and then retrieves five milk cartons. Jack is displaying an understanding of

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cardinality.

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Four-year-old Paytin is shown a plate of cookies. She is told that there are 10 cookies on the plate. She watches as several cookies are added to or removed from the plate. Paytin's sensible prediction as to how many cookies are left on the plate displays her understanding of

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estimation.

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An early childhood math curriculum called __________ uses materials that promote math concepts and skills through three types of media: computers, manipulatives, and print.

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Building Blocks

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Research using the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) indicates that

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preschoolers who develop well intellectually have homes rich in educational toys and books.

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In Haylee's preschool classroom, teachers provide activities in learning centers from which children select, and much learning takes place through play. Haylee's preschool is

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a child-centered program.

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Evidence suggests that formal academic training during early childhood

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undermines young children's motivation and emotional well-being.

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_________ include multiage classrooms and teaching materials specially designed to promote exploration and discovery.

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Montessori schools

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Which of the following statements is supported by research on Head Start?

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Gains for Head Start participants are similar, though not as strong as for participants of university-based programs.

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The Head Start REDI (Research-based Developmentally Informed) program yields higher year-end language, literacy, and social development scores than typical Head Start classrooms because

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of its powerful impact on teaching quality.

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Which of the following statements is supported by research on child care?

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Preschoolers exposed to substandard child care, particularly for long hours, display more behavior problems.

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__________ child care is more strongly associated with cognitive gains than are other child-care arrangements.

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Center-based

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Television programs with __________ are associated with improved executive function, greater recall of program content, gains in vocabulary and reading skills, and more elaborate make-believe play.

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slow-paced and easy-to-follow narratives

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Which of the following children is most likely to be a more frequent TV viewer?

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Catherine, who is low SES

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Which of the following statements about preschoolers' computer use is true?

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Because computers can have educational benefits, most early childhood classrooms include computer-learning centers.

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Jay introduced a new ball to his 2-year-old daughter, Kandi. He said, "I'm throwing the wiffle ball to you!" He then threw the new ball to Kandi. Kandi said, "Catch, wiffle, catch!" Kandi's connection of the term "wiffle" to the ball is an example of

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Fast-mapping

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Young children learning Chinese, Japanese, and Korean acquire __________ more readily than their English-speaking agemates.

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Verbs

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According to the principle of mutual exclusivity bias, toddlers

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assume that words refer to entirely separate, nonoverlapping categories.

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Sarah's mom told her they were going outside in the rain and needed a bumbershoot. Sarah had never heard the word bumbershoot before, but she knew the word umbrella. Sarah tries to figure out what the new word means, and eventually she decides that a bumbershoot must be an umbrella. Sarah must abandon her __________ to reach this conclusion.

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mutual exclusivity bias

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According to __________, preschoolers discover many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences.

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syntactic bootstrapping

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Children acquire vocabulary so efficiently and accurately that some theorists believe that

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they are innately biased to induce word meanings using certain principles.

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Between ages 2 and 3, English-speaking children use simple sentences that follow a(n) __________ word order.

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subject-verb-object

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Two-year-old Camden finds only one of her shoes. She says, "I need two shoes. I have two foots!" Camden's error is an example of

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overregularization.

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According to the __________ approach, young children rely on word meanings to figure out grammatical rules.

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semantic bootstrapping

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Research on pragmatics shows that by age 2, most children

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take turns in face-to-face interactions and respond appropriately.

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When Sadie says, "I goed to the store," her mother replies, "Yes, you went to the store." Sadie's mother's response is an example of

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a recast.

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When Moses says, "My ball is a circle," his father relies, "Yes, your basketball is round, just like a circle." Moses's father's response is an example of

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an expansion.

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