Exam 2 - Learning and Cognition - Flashcards

Q: In one of Thorndike\'s puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

treadle stepping increased because it had a \"satisfying effect\"

question

E.L. thorndike's studies of learning started as an attempt to understand

answer

animal intelligence

question

In one of Thorndike's puzzle boxes, a door would fall open when a cat stepped on a treadle, thus allowing the cat to reach food outside the box. Eventually the cat would step on the treadle as soon as it was put into the box. Thorndike concluded that ________.

answer

treadle stepping increased because it had a "satisfying effect"

question

Thorndike plotted the results of his puzzle box experiments as graphs. The resulting curves show a _____ with succeeding trials.

answer

decrease in time

question

The law of effect says that _______.

answer

behavior is a function of its consequences

question

Operant learning is sometimes called ________ learning.

answer

instrumental

question

Charles Catania identified three characteristics that define reinforcement. These include all of the following except _______.

answer

the consequence of the behavior must be positive

question

The one thing that all reinforcers have in common is that they _______.

answer

strengthen behavior

question

Negative reinforcement is also called _______.

answer

escape-avoidance training

question

Skinner describes some of his most important research in _______.

answer

The Behavior of Organisms

question

The opposite of a conditioned reinforcer is a ______.

answer

primary reinforcer

question

Secondary reinforcers are also called _______ reinforcers.

answer

conditioned

question

Money is a good example of a _______ reinforcer.

answer

generalized

question

The Watson and Rayner experiment with Little Albert may have involved operant as well as Pavlovian learning because the loud noise ______.

answer

occurred as Albert reached for the rat

question

Studies of delayed reinforcement document the importance of ______.

answer

contiguity

question

Schlinger and Blakely found that the reinforcing power of a delayed reinforcer could be increased by ________.

answer

preceding the reinforcer with a stimulus

question

An action that improves the effectiveness of a reinforcer is called a ______.

answer

motivating operation

question

________ demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the brain could be reinforcing.

answer

Olds and Milner

question

_____is a neurotransmitter that seems to be important in reinforcement.

answer

Dopamine

question

Clark Hull's explanation of reinforcement assumes that reinforcers _____.

answer

reduce a drive

question

Sylvia believes that the reinforcement properties of an event depend on the extent to which it provides access to high probability behavior. Sylvia is most likely an advocate of _______ theory.

answer

relative value

question

Premack's name is most logically associated with _______.

answer

relative value theory

question

The Premack principle says that reinforcement involves _______.

answer

a relation between behaviors

question

According to ___________ theory, schoolchildren are eager to go to recess because they have been deprived of the opportunity to exercise.

answer

response deprivation

question

The distinctive characteristic of the Sidman avoidance procedure is that _______.

answer

the aversive event is not signaled

question

Douglas Anger proposed that there is a signal in the Sidman avoidance procedure. The signal is ________.

answer

time

question

According to the one-process theory of avoidance, the avoidance response is reinforced by _______.

answer

a reduction in the number of aversive events

question

According to Skinner, people are rewarded, but behavior is reinforced.

answer

True

question

reprimands restraint captivity and electrical shocks can be reinforcers

answer

True

question

Is it true that negative reinforcement and punishment are synonyms?

answer

False

question

Is it true that negative reinforcement increases the strength of a behavior?

answer

True

question

Operant learning probably always involves Pavlovian conditioning as well.

answer

True

question

Reinforcement is often said to increase the frequency of a behavior, but research suggestss that any feature of a behavior (e.g., intensity, duration, form, etc.) can be strengthened if a reinforcer can be made contingent on that feature.

answer

True

question

In operant learning, the word contingency usually refers to the degree of correlation between a behavior and a consequence.

answer

True

question

The more you increase the size of a reinforcer, the less benefit you get from the increase.

answer

True

question

Vomiting is ordinarily an involuntary response, but sometimes it can be modified by operant procedures.

answer

True

question

With reinforcement, it is easy for a person to lower his blood pressure

answer

False

question

Using ESB as a reinforcer, Talwar and his colleagues got such effective control over the behavior of rats that journalists called the animals robo-rats.

answer

True

question

Unexpected reinforcers produce more dopamine than expected reinforcers

answer

True

question

Studies demonstrate that operant learning is as effective with involuntary behavior, such as the salivary reflex, as it is with voluntary behavior.

answer

False

question

All of the following are useful tips for shaping behavior except

answer

never back up

question

Shaping is the reinforcement of ____________ of a desired behavior

answer

successive approximation

question

First step in building a behavior chain is to do a ____ analysis

answer

task

question

The classic experiments on insightful problem solving were done with chimpanzees by

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

The banana experiment by Robert Epstein and colleagues, which paralleled Kohler's experiments with chimps, demonstrated that insight ___.

answer

Depends on an organism's learning history

question

In her work with dolphins, Karen Pryor gradually realized that what she had to do go get novel behavior from the animals was to ___.

answer

Reinforce novel behavior

question

Some studies show that offering rewards reduces creativity. Research by Robert Eisenberger and others suggests that this is because in these studies ___.

answer

The rewards were not contingent on creative behavior

question

Probably the best way of increasing the creativity of stories in an English class is to

answer

praise particularly original stories

question

Superstitious behavior is behavior that occurs repeatedly despite the fact that it ___.

answer

Does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it

question

Studies of learned helplessness use the _____ procedure.

answer

escape training

question

One idea for preventing learned helplessness is ___ training.

answer

Immunization

question

Robert Eisenberger and his colleagues demonstrated that reinforcement can establish learned ___.

answer

Industriousness

question

The author of your text probably believes that most childhood tantrums are due to unintentional shaping by adults.

answer

True

question

Meerkats train their young using procedures that resemble shaping.

answer

True

question

In shaping, it is sometimes a good idea to back up-- i.e., to reinforce earlier approximations of the desired behavior.

answer

True

question

One tip for successful shaping of behavior is to provide large reinforcers.

answer

False

question

Backward chaining begins with the reinforcement of the last behavior in the chain

answer

True

question

Kohler thought that insight was achieved suddenly, but other work suggests that it is achieved gradually.

answer

True

question

John spent his summer picking cantaloupes for a farmer. The farmer paid John a certain amount for every basket of cantaloupes picked. John worked on a ____.

answer

fixed ratio sechedule

question

The schedule to use if you want to produce the most rapid learning of new behavior is _____

answer

CRF continuous reinforcement

question

The schedule that is not an intermittent schedule is _________

answer

FR1 continuous

question

CRF is synonymous with _______.

answer

positive reinforcement

question

The schedule that is likely to produce a cumulative record with scallops is the _________

answer

fixed interval schedule

question

Your text reports the case of a man who apparently made hundreds of harassing phone calls. The man's behavior was most likely on a/an _________

answer

variable interval (VR) schedule

question

A pigeon is confronted with two disks, one green, the other red. The bird receives food on a VI 20" schedule when it pecks the green disk, and on a VI 10" schedule when it pecks the red one. You predict that the bird will peck

answer

the red disk about twice as often as the green disk.

question

Often after the initial effect of extinction procedure is an increase in behavior is called

answer

extinction burst

question

Resurgence may help account for _______.

answer

regression

question

The reappearance of previously effective behavior during extinction is called ____________.

answer

resurgence

question

Williams found that the greater the number of reinforcements before extinction, the _______.

answer

greater the number of responses during extinction

question

When reinforcement is contingent on continuous performance of an activity, a __________. reinforcement schedule is in force.

answer

duration

question

__________ refers to the point at which a behavior stops or its rate falls off sharply.

answer

Break point

question

George trains a pigeon to peck a disk by reinforcing each disk peck. Once the response is learned, George begins to cut back on the reinforcers. At first he reinforces every other response, then every third response, every fifth response, every tenth response, and so on. George is using a procedure called _________.

answer

stretching the ratio

question

Shirley trains a rat to press a lever and then reinforces lever presses on an FR 10 schedule when a red light is on, and an FI 10" schedule when a green light is on. In this case, lever pressing is on a

answer

multiple schedule.

question

A schedule in which reinforcement is contingent on the behavior of more than one subject is a

answer

cooperative schedule.

question

Stanley wants to determine which of two reinforcement schedules is more attractive to rats. He trains a rat to press a lever for food, and then puts the rat into an experimental chamber containing two levers. Pressing one lever produces reinforcement on an FR 10 schedule; pressing the other lever produces reinforcement on an FI 10" schedule. Lever pressing is on a _________.

answer

concurrent schedule

question

Studies of choice involve

answer

concurrent schedules.

question

The explanation of the PRE that puts greatest emphasis on internal cues is the ___ hypothesis.

answer

frustration

question

One explanation for the PRE implies that the effect is really an illusion. This is the

answer

response unit hypothesis

question

_____________ led the way in the study of choice.

answer

Richard Herrnstein

question

A classic work on reinforcement schedules is by _________ .

answer

Ferster and Skinner

question

The study of reinforcement schedules suggests that the behavior we call stick-to-itiveness is largely the product of ___.

answer

Reinforcement history

question

In VI schedules, the reinforcer occurs periodically regardless of what the organism does.

answer

False

question

One everyday example of a VR schedule is the lottery.

answer

True

question

When a response is placed on extinction, there is often an increase in emotional behavior.

answer

True

question

When food is the reinforcer, it is possible to stretch the ratio to the point at which an animal expends more energy than it receives.

answer

True

question

The thinner of two schedules, VR 5 and VR 10, is VR 5.

answer

False

question

Harlan Lane and Paul Shinkman put a college student's behavior on extinction following VI reinforcement . The student performed the behavior 8,000 times without reinforcement.

answer

True

question

The response unit hypothesis suggests that there really is a partial reinforcement effect.

answer

False

question

The more effort a behavior requires, the more times the behavior will be performed during extinction.

answer

False

question

Extinction often increases the variability of behavior.

answer

True

question

Negative punishment is also sometimes called _ training

answer

penalty

question

The word positive in positive punishment refers to the fact that _.

answer

Something is added.

question

The correct term for a stimulus that acts as a punisher is

answer

Aversive

question

If a rat receives a shock each time it presses a lever, but not otherwide, we can say that _.

answer

Shock is contingent on lever pressing

question

Delaying delivery of a punisher is most likely to

answer

reduce its effectiveness

question

Generally speaking, the more intense a punisher, the _

answer

More it suppresses behavior

question

All oft he following enhance the effectiveness of punishment except _.

answer

Increasing reinforcer deprivation level

question

Research has shown that abnormal behavior is often _.

answer

An inappropriate way of obtaining appropriate reinforcers

question

The two-process theory of punishment assumes that punishment involves _.

answer

Pavlovian and Operant learning

question

Farmer gable had a problem... His approach is best described as an example of

answer

response prevention

question

When a student repeatedly behaves in an inappropriate way, probably the teacher's first step should be to _.

answer

Try to discover what is reinforcing the behavior.

question

One problem with extinction as a way of reducing the frequency of potentially harmful behavior is that _.

answer

The behavior on extinction sometimes increases at first.

question

Of the following procedures, the one that reinforces behavior that cannot be performed at the same time as the unwanted behavior is _

answer

DRI

question

Of the following procedures, the one that focuses on reducing the rate at which a behavior occurs is

answer

DRL

question

Is it true that the term punishment, as used by behavior scientists, has nothing to do with retribution?

answer

True

question

Is it true that abnormal behavior may persist despite aversive consequences because it also produces reinforcing consequences?

answer

True

question

When using punishment to suppress an undesirable behavior, it is important to provide alternative means of obtaining the reinforcers that have maintained that behavior

answer

True

question

Although punishment can have negative side effects, there is evidence that it can also have positive side effects

answer

True

question

Charles Madsen and his colleagues asked a teacher to _, This change in teacher behavior produced a marked reduction in misconduct.

answer

Ignore misbehavior and praise students when they behaved well

question

Hopkins and Conard found that when teachers made a few simple changes in how they taught, changes that included a shift from punishment to positive reinforcement, students advanced at _ the normal rate in reading.

answer

More than twice

question

A highly effective web-based instructional program designed to teach reading that makes use of reinforcement and shaping is called _.

answer

Headsprout

question

Jack the homeless man

answer

Jack's hallucinations are products of reinforcement

question

Edward Taub's treatment of people with paralyzed limbs emerged from research with ___________.

answer

chimpanzees

question

your text describes the use of _ to get a bull elephant to cooperate with having his feet trimmed

answer

shaping

question

Betty Hart and Todd Risley found that the parents who provided the most instruction and practice in language later had the children with the best-developed verbal skills.

answer

True

question

Time out is a form of punishment.

answer

True

question

Most teachers reprimand students more often than they praise them.

answer

True

question

Eddie McNamara's study showed that praising students when they are "on task" does not increase the frequency of on-task behavior in adolescents.

answer

False

question

Layng and Andronis reported the case of a psychiatric patient who feared that her head was falling off. This delusion appeared to be due to the fact that it got her social contact from the staff.

answer

True

question

Efforts to treat stroke victims with paralyzed limbs have proved unsuccessful.

answer

False

question

Taub's research suggests that one reason people do not recover following a stroke or injury that causes paralysis is because they do not use the damaged limb.

answer

True

Exam 2 – Learning and Cognition – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards