question

Eleanor of Aquitaine

answer

married French King Louis VI; failed to provide him with a male heir; divorced and remarried Duke Henry of Normandy; 8 children; Henry became King Henry II of England; together they ruled the Angevin Empire; imprisoned for over 15 years in a convent at Fontevrault; after Henry's death, her son Richard the Lionhearted freed her; she ruled the Angevin Empire alone; after Richard's death she supported John as King of England

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Angevin Empire

answer

region in Europe from Scotland to south-central France; area ruled by King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine

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Henry II

answer

originally duke of Normandy; married Eleanor of Aquitaine; 8 children; ruled Angevin Empire; tried to rule his wife's land; imprisoned Eleanor for over 15 years; killed in rebellion led by his son Richard and King Philip Augustus of France;

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Richard the Lionhearted

answer

son of Eleanor of Aquitaine and King Henry II of England; revolted against his father; freed his mother on his father's death; taken hostage by Duke of Austria while returning from the Third Crusade; his mother collected the ransom that paid for his liberty; died while besieging a small castle; asked to be buried at Henry's feet in repentance for betraying his father

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serf

answer

a person who is bound to the land and owned by the feudal lord; degraded status, limited access to public courts of law, dependent on his lord

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demense

answer

a portion of manor land that a lord reserves for his own personal use; peasants had to work here a certain number of days

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open-field system

answer

system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvesting

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Hungary

answer

here, during the 12th century, free peasants and unfree servants merged to form a group of serfs subordinated to the emerging landed aristocracy and to the lesser nobility composed of free warriors

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knight

answer

initially a term to describe a mounted warrior without specifying status; began to designate a lifestyle; followed code of chivalry; had to be "gentle," of good birth and "preu," powerful fighter; some were vassals

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vassal

answer

a noble who was given a fief by his lord in exchange for loyalty

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fief

answer

land granted by a lord to a vassal in exchange for loyalty and service; a parcel of productive land and the serfs and privileges attached to it

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commune

answer

group of citizens who sought to govern themselves; popular in Italy during the 12th and 13th centuries; no larger than 100,000 adults; had a keen sense of patriotism, local pride, and fierce independence; sought to control every aspect of civic life: prices, markets, weights and measures, sanitation, medical care; every adult male expected to participate in government

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chivalry

answer

code of conduct for knights during the Middle Ages

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Aquitaine

answer

a province in France where England held land

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Flanders

answer

cloth town; in the 11th century, this town began lacking the land for large-scale sheep grazing and facing a growing population, began specializing in the production of high quality cloth made from English wool

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guild

answer

masters organized into these, with which they regulated every aspect of their trades and protected themselves from competition

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Bologna

answer

a center of the new education movements; specialized in the study of law; here, law students controlled every aspect of the university, from the selection of administrators to the exact length of professors' lectures

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Peter Abelard

answer

greatest and most original intellect of the century; lived in Paris; method called the Scholastic Method; believed that logical reasoning could be applied to all problems, including faith; had an an affair with a student called Heloise; secretly married Heloise because he feared harm to his clerical career; forcefully castrated; spent years as the abbot of a small monastery in Brittany; convicted by local council of heresy and forced to burn some of his own work; sought protection in the monastery of Cluny where he died

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Heloise

answer

had private lessons with Peter Abelard; had an affair with him and got pregnant; secretly married Abelard; her outraged uncle hired thugs who broke into Abelard's room and castrated him

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Bernard of Clairvaux

answer

accused Peter Abelard of heresy

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Cluny

answer

here in a monastery, Peter Abelard sought protection from his persecutors; Abelard died here; the abbots were among the most powerful and influential people in Europe during the 11th and 12th centuries; monks abandoned tradition of manual work, leaving it for the serfs

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Thomas Aquinas

answer

professor of theology and the most brilliant intellect of the High Middle Ages; refused to accept the possibility that the human reason, which was a gift from God, led necessarily to contradictions with divine revelation; member of the Dominicans

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Dominicans

answer

appeared in response to the social and cultural needs of the new urbanized, monetized European culture; focused on preaching to the society of the 13th century; emphasized intellectual activity; preached against heresies and on higher education; gravitated toward the cities of western Europe

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The Song of Roland

answer

a legend loosely based on the exploits of an 18th century count in Charlemagne's army who was killed in an ambush; they learned the important of loyalty and dedication to duty, and dangers of pride and reckless faith in one's own sword

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youth

answer

noble who had been knighted but not married or acquired land

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miles

answer

term used by writers of legal documents to designate certain powerful free persons who belonged neither to the aristocracy nor the peasantry; translates to "soldier" or "knight"

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laity

answer

people who follow Christianity but don't belong to the clergy

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Feudalism

answer

resulted after the fall of Charlemagne's empire, when the empire was split into many small portions; no strong ruler; smaller kingdoms called fiefdoms

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fiefdom

answer

small kingdom ruled by a lord

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First Crusade

answer

1096; Christians capture Jerusalem from the Muslims

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The calling

answer

God calls you forth to be a priest

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3 vows to become a priest

answer

1. vow of poverty, 2. vow of obedience, 3. vow of chastity

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Chronicle

answer

written history by monasteries

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Peddlers

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walk to manors trying to sell goods; traveling salesmen; load things on animal backs

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highwaymen

answer

stealers; target peddlers on the road

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Medieval fairs

answer

peddlers gather in one place for a few weeks and lords come to them to purchase goods; had entertainment

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troubadours

answer

played music at medieval fairs; told town's gossip so people gathered to listen

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Gate-keeper

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had keys to lock the doors to a town; guarded at night

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constable

answer

law enforcement person (sheriff)

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merchant guild

answer

collected taxes from townsmen; set town rules; maintained quality of goods

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craft guild

answer

insured that craftsmen are making high quality goods; self regulating; (ex. carpenter guild, tailor guild)

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Burgher

answer

"townsmen" in German

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Boroughmen

answer

"townsmen" in English

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Bourgeoisie

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"townsmen" in French

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apprentice

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provided room and board; no salary (paid in education); learn from master

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journeymen

answer

paid assistant to craftsmen

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primogeniture

answer

first born son inherits everything

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cathedral

answer

large church; stained glass windows, carved alters, chandeliers,etc; glorious monument to God; shadow of no other building could cover this

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university

answer

derived from Latin; student guild; protects interests of students

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University of Bologna

answer

students form committees and negotiate with people and get things done

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University of Paris

answer

students don't want to spend their time doing tasks other than studying; hire people to get things done (called deans); left bank of France

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theology

answer

study of christianity; with degree many become clergymen

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canon law

answer

Church law; study of legal ethics, morals; with degree many become judges, officials

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medicine

answer

anything associated with science; not well respected- explanations for how things work contradict the church and there lacked proper instruments; many thought of as warlocks

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alchemy

answer

turning one things into another; pseudo/faux science

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bloodletting

answer

removing "bad" blood; pseudo/faux science; barbers were responsible for incisions (barber poles); used to relieve fevers- when a body is bled it gets colder so they thought it reduces fevers

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Astrology

answer

study of the stars, moons, planets; psuedo-faux science; used to predict future

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Roger Bacon

answer

12th century man; writings envisioning future

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vernacular

answer

"vulgar"

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romance languages

answer

based off Latin; 5: French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian, Portuguese

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Cistercians

answer

established a strict system of control over their far-flung houses through a hierarchy of abbeys emanating from Citeaux and governed by these abbots from across Europe; built monasteries in the wilderness; discouraged close ties with secular society established by the Cluniacs

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Peace of God/Truce of God

answer

movements that attempted to protect peasants, merchants, and clerics from aristocratic violence and to limit the times when warfare was allowed

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Pope Urban II

answer

urged Western knights to use their arms to free the Holy Land from Muslim occupation; in return he promised to grant them salvation; initiated the first crusade (1095)

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Fourth Crusade

answer

this crusade never made it to Palestine; sidetracked, with Venetian encouragement, into capturing and sacking the Byzantine capitol of Constantinople

question

crusades

answer

"holy war"; brutal and vicious; often motivated as much by greed as by piety; 7 major ones; the military failure of these, the immortality of many of the participants, and the doubts about spiritual significance of such wars contributed to their decline

question

Third Crusade

answer

this crusade was started when the Kurdish Muslim commander, Saladin, defeated the Latin kingdom at the battle of Hattin and reconquered Jerusalem; Frederick Barbarossa, Phillip II Augustus, and Richard the Lion-Hearted responded with this crusade; Barbarossa died in Anatolia; Richard and Philip argued and philip abandoned this crusade; Richard failed to capture Jerusalem on his way home- captured and imprisoned in Austria until his mother, Eleanor, raised a king's ransom to buy his freedom

question

usury

answer

borrowing and lending on credit; regarded as making money by manipulating time, which belonged only to God, churchmen condemned this practice

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Guelphs

answer

party of the wealthy; eager to preserve status quo

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Ghibellines

answer

those out of power rallied to this cause

question

blue nails

answer

bottom of urban society; unskilled and semi skilled artisans; called this because constant work with dye left their fingers permanently stianed

question

Benedictines

answer

their theories were ideally suited to a rural, aristocratic world

question

Francis of Assisi

answer

son of a prosperous Italian merchant; rejected luxurious life; in favor of radical poverty, simplicity, and service to others; wandered preaching repentance; drew many followers, esp. from the urban communities of Italy; pope approved his way of life

question

Franciscans

answer

also known as The Order of Friars Minor; started by Francis of Assisi; couldn't own property or touch money; had to beg for food each day, and travel from town to town, preaching, performing manual labor, and serving the poor; split into the friars (conventuals) and the spirituals (rigorists)

question

Dominic

answer

founded the order of the friars (Dominicans); adopted strict poverty

question

Otto I "the Great"

answer

most effective ruler of medieval Germany (from Saxon Dynasty); crowned king in 936; defeated the Magyars; formed close alliance with the Church; sought help from the clergy; invaded and conquered Lombardy; crowned emperor by the pope in 962, joining monarch's power with that of the Church; successors were the Saxons, the Salians, and the Staufens

question

lay investiture

answer

the practice by which kings and emperors appointed bishops and invested them with the symbols of their office

question

Henry IV

answer

clashed with Pope Gregory VII over the emperor's right to appoint and to install or invest bishops in their offices; attempted to depose Gregory; excommunicated by Gregory; stood in snow asking for forgiveness (pope could not refuse); went back to appointing bishops and was excommunicated again

question

Gregory VII

answer

clashed with Henry IV over the emperor's right to appoint and to install or invest bishops in their offices; excommunicated Henry but couldn't refuse forgiveness and lifted the excommunication; excommunicated Henry again; had to flee to the Normans after being deserted by most of his clergy

question

Concordant of Worms

answer

agreement between Henry V and Pope Calixtus II; differentiated between the royal and spiritual spheres of authority and allowed the emperors a limited role in episcopal election and investiture; weakened the emperors

question

Frederick Barbarossa

answer

spent much of his reign in Italy attempting to reimpose imperial authority on and to collect imperial incomes from the rich towns of northern Italy; needed support of German princes and granted them extraordinary privileges in return for their cooperation south of the Alps; drowned crossing a river while on a crusade; was more of a feudal lord than a sovereign by time of death

question

Innocent III

answer

during his time the papacy reached the height of its powers; he made and deposed emperors, excommunicated kings, summoned a crusade against heretics in the south of France, and place whole countries like England and France under interdict (suspension of all religious services when rulers dared to contradict him); supported Francis of Assisi and Dominic; called Fourth Lateran council

question

Fourth Lateran Council

answer

called by Pope Innocent III; culminated the reforms of the past century; here, more than 1200 bishops, abbots, and nobles defined fundamental doctrines (such as the nature of the Eucharist, ordered annual confession sins, and detailed procedures for the election of bishops); mandated a strict lifestyle for clergy and forbade their participation in judicial procedures in which accused persons had to undergo painful ordeals; mandated that Jews wear special identifying markings on their clothing

question

Pope Boniface VIII

answer

attempted to prevent the French king Philip IV from taxing the French clergy; boasted that he could depose kings "like servants"; Philip's agents hired a gang of adventurers who kidnapped the pope, plundered his treasury, and released him a broken, humiliated wreck; died three weeks later

question

Hugh Capet

answer

French King; started the Capetian Dynasty of France

question

English

answer

hybrid language; 1/3 Norman-French, 1/3 language of the Angles, and 1/3 language of the Saxons

question

Magna Carta

answer

"great charter"; a conservative feudal document demanding that the king respects the rights of the vassals and burghers of London; illuminates the rights of nobility that the king can't control

question

parliament

answer

forces king to take advice from nobles

question

statute of limitations

answer

the prescribed amount of time that a person can be held accountable for an action

question

defenestration

answer

the act of throwing someone or something out of a window

question

defenestration of Prague

answer

in Bohemia; fight over who will rule Prague between the Catholics and Protestants; fight gets out of hand and one guy is pushed out of a window; doesn't die because he lands on a large amount of human feces

question

king

answer

more modest than emperors or popes; "Christus" from the Greek word for sacred oil; representatives of God on earth

question

Île-de-France

answer

region around Paris; birthplace of France; also known as the cite region; Capetians built a power base here

question

Capetians

answer

started by Hugh Capet; dynasty of France (987-1328) every royal descendant left a male heir; son crowned during father's lifetime, firmly establishing him as king; built a power base in Ile-de-France

question

Louis IX

answer

Philip II Augustus' grandson; embodiment of medieval Christian virtue; took seriously his obligation to provide justice for the poor and protection for the weak; in 1248 captured in Egypt during a crusade; convinced that he his failure was punishment for his sins and those of his government; returned to France and dispatched investigators to correct abuses by other officials and restored property unjustly confiscated by his father's agents during Albigensian crusade

question

Poland + Bohemia

answer

here, powerful chieftains were consolidating royal power at the expense of the aristocracies

question

Philip II Augustus

answer

son of Louis VII; known as Augustus or "the aggrandizer" because through his ruthless political intrigue and brilliant organizational sense, he more than doubled the territory and quadrupled the revenue of the French crown; forced king John of England to surrender all of his continental possessions; victory over Otto IV; set up administrative officials called baillis and seneshals (salaried nonfeudal agents who collected his revenues and represented his interests; made Paris the capital; created French monarchy

question

Harold Godwinson

answer

chosen by King Edward and his nobles over Duke William of Normandy and the Norwegian King Harold III for the crown; William insisted that he had sworn an oath to assist William in gaining the crown; Harold and William sailed for England; he defeated the Norwegian's army and killed the king, but died shortly afterwards on the bloody field of Hastings; William secured the throne

question

William of Normandy

answer

competed against Harold Godwinson for the throne of England; insisted that Harold had sworn an oath to assist him in gaining the crown; secured the throne after Harold died in battle; his England was a small, insular kingdom that had been united by Viking raids little more than a century before; hostile Celtic societies bordered it to the north and west; sovereign; Anglo-Saxon government participated in court sessions; king had agents responsible for representing the king's interests, presiding over the local court, and collected royal taxes and incomes; preserved the English government while replacing Anglo-Saxon officers with his continental vassals, mostly Normals and Flemings; rewarded people with fiefs; all land was held directly or indirectly by him; ordered a comprehensive survey of all royal rights (Domesday Book); use of large checkerboard (exchequer) which functioned like primitive computer; recored annual payments on pipe rolls;

question

Domesday Book

answer

A record of all the property and holdings in England commissioned by William the Conqueror in 1066 so he could determine the extent of his lands and wealth

question

Thomas á Becket

answer

archbishop of Canterbury; friend of King Henry II who had made him chancellor then archbishop, refused to accept the king's claim to jurisdiction over clergy; educated in Paris; influenced by the papal reform movement and had a great sense of dignity of his office; lived in exile for 6 years; allowed to return back in 1170, but was soon struck down in his own cathedral by four knights eager for royal favor

question

John

answer

Henry II's son; lost Normandy and most of his other continental lands (forced him to concentrate on ruling England-- development of English state); financial difficulties brought about by unsuccessful wars to recover his continental holdings led him to extremes of fiscal extortion; people revolted; forced to accept the Magna Carta- acknowledgment that the king was not above the law

question

Edward I

answer

John's grandson; strong and effective king who conquered Wales, defended the remaining continental possessions against France, and expanded the common law; created "parley" or "parliament", used to raise more funds for his wars; increased the power of the English monarchy

question

House of Lords

answer

upper house of parliament in England; for nobles and bishops; originally the only house of parliament; today has no power; selected by birth

question

House of Commons

answer

lower house of parliament in England; have all the power in parliament; elect the prime minister from among themselves (David Cameron is current)

question

Pisa

answer

in Italy; rival Florence

question

lectio divina

answer

the process of reading and studying the Old and New Testaments

question

Burgundy

answer

city in eastern France; by the 12th century, 41 families were considered "noble;" the families (or "houses") sprung from the 6 great clans of the Carolingian period

question

Cain

answer

Son of Adam and Eve who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy

question

Genoa

answer

had its own quarters governed by its own laws in Tyre and Acre (Palestinian port cities); merchants established offices around the Mediterranean and Black Seas, south along the Atlantic Coast of Morocco, east into Armenia, and Persia, west to London, Brudges, and Ghent, and north to Scandinavia

question

trivium

answer

basic education in cathedral schools; first three of the seven liberal arts which had formed the basis of Roman liberal education- grammar, rhetoric, logic

question

quadrivium

answer

after the trivium, some students continued their education with the next four liberal arts; mathematical disciplines of geometry, theory of numbers, astronomy, and musical harmonies

question

Paris

answer

center of the new educational movement in the 12th century; center for study of the liberal arts and theology; became the capital of the French kings who needed educated clerics for their administration; students from across Europe flocked to this city to study with Peter Abelard; by 1200, education had become so important in this city that the universitas were granted a charter by King Philip II Augustus, who guaranteed its rights and immunity from the control of the city

question

corpus iuris civilis

answer

a 6th century compilation of law prepared on the order of the Roman emperor, Justinian; a number of important teachers began to make detailed authoritative commentaries on this

question

investiture controversy

answer

the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe; began as a dispute in the 11th century between Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and Pope Gregory VII over who would control appointments of church officials; conflict ended when Emperor Henry V and Pope Calixtus II reached an agreement known as the Concordat of Worms; ultimately compromised the authority of the pope and emperor

question

Papal States

answer

over the centuries, popes had acquired large amounts of land in central Italy and in the Rhone Valley that formed the nucleus of these states

question

common law

answer

Henry II of England's program to assert royal courts over local and feudal ones; laid the foundation for a system of uniform judicial procedures through which the royal justice reached throughout the kingdom; this legal system simplified and cut through the complex tangle of local and feudal jurisdictions concerning land law; any free person could purchase, for a modest price, a letter, or writ, from the king ordering the local sheriff to impanel a jury to determine if that person had been recently dispossessed of an estate, regardless of that person's legal right to property; makes sure that all commons and nobles are under one law; gets rid of individual manor law and unifies England

question

Charlemagne

answer

French king; crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope; his grandsons split the empire among themselves-- left with small areas of rule--> Feudalism

question

Catholic church

answer

"universal" church

question

Latin quarter

answer

area on the left bank of Paris where students spoke Latin; artsy region

question

Bouvines

answer

place of battle where Philip defeated John's ally, Otto IV; sealed the English loss of Normandy, Maine, Anjou, Poitou, and Touraine

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