EMT-Anatomy and Physiology – Flashcards
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Anatomical Position
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Standing, facing forward, palms out
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Supine
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lying face up on back
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Prone
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lying face down on stomach
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Lateral Recumbent
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lying on either left or right side
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Fowler
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seated, back elevated 45-60 degrees
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Trendelenburg
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lying on back with legs elevated higher than head
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Anterior
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toward the front
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Posterior
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toward the back
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Superior
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toward the head, above point of reference
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Inferior
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toward the feet, below point of reference
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Dorsal
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toward the spine, back
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Ventral
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toward the abdomen, front
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Medial
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toward the midline/center of the body
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Lateral
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left or right of midline...bilateral=on both sides
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Distal
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wrist is distal from elbow
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proximal
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elbow is proximal to shoulder
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plantar
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sole of foot, flexing plantar foot means pointing toe
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palmer
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palm of the hand
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Abdominal Quadrants
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RUQ, RLQ, LUQ, LLQ
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Ligaments
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bone to bone
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Tendons
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muscle to bone
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Skeletal System
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gives the body shape, protects the vital internal organs, allows for movement, storing minerals and producing blood cells
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Skull
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protects brain, includes cranium and face
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Cranium
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occipital, parietal, temporal, frontal
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Face
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brow to chin, 14 bones, 13 immovable
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Orbits
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eye sockets
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Nasal Bones
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bed of nose
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Maxillae
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fused bones of upper jaw
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Zygomatic Bones
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cheekbones
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Mandible
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lower jaw, moves freely on hinge (chewing)
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Spinal Column/Vertebral Column
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principle support system of body, everything is directly or indirectly attached to spine, 33 vertebrae
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Vertebrae
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irregularly shaped bones, bound by ligaments, if any are crushed or displaced, spinal chord may be severed
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Cervical Spine
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C1-C7, first 7 vertebrae, we can feel C7, most prone to injury
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Thoracic Spine
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T1-T12, posterior to cervical spine region
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Lumbar Spine
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L1-L5, posterior to thoracic spine region, least mobile of the vertebrae
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Sacral Spine
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S1-S5, posterior to lumbar spine region, fused together to form rigid part of posterior side of pelvis
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Coccyx Spine
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tailbone, last 4 vertebrae
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Thorax
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chest: ribs, sternum, thoracic spine
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Sternum
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breastbone, flat narrow bone in the middle of anterior chest
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Ribs
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24 ribs, 12 pairs attached posteriorly by ligaments to the thoracic vertebrae. First 7 are attached to sternum by cartilage. The last 5 ribs are false ribs because the front ends aren't attached to sternum
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Clavicle
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collarbone, attached to superior portion of sternum (manubrium)
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Xiphoid Process
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inferior portion of the sternum
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Pelvis
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doughnut-shaped structure; sacrum and coccyx
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Iliac Crest
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each side of the pelvis, the "wings"
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Pubis
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anterior and inferior portion of pelvis
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Ishium
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posterior and inferior portion of pelvis
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Lower Extremities
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limbs of the body from the hip to the toes
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Acetabulum
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pelvic socket into which fits the rounded top of the femur
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Lower Leg
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tibia is the shin located at the anterior and medial side of leg. fibula is smaller and located on the lateral side of leg
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Malleolus
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ankle joint socket
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Tarsals
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group of bones that make up most of ankle and part of foot
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Metatarsals
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5 bones that form the substance of foot
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Phalanges
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14 in toes and fingers
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Upper Extremities
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limbs of the body including shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
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Scapula
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shoulder blade
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Humerus
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largest bone in upper extremities, head of bone fits into shoulder blade socket
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Radius
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lateral bone of the forearm
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Ulna
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medial bone of the forearm
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Carpals
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group of bones in the wrist
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Metacarpals
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structural strength of hands
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Flex
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bend toward the body, decrease angle
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Extend
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straighten away from body, increase angle
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Ball-and-Socket Joint
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wide range of motion; shoulder, hip
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Hinged Joint
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flexion and extension; elbow, knee, finger
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Pivot Joint
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turning motion: neck, wrist
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Gliding Joint
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hands and feet
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Saddle Joint
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ankle allowing the foot to turn inward as it moves up and down
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Condyloid Joint
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Wrist can move up and down, side to side, but not in full rotation
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Skeletal Muscle
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voluntary, controlled by brain and nervous system; walking chewing, smiling
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Smooth Muscle
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involuntary, automatic muscular functions; digestive tract
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Cardiac Muscle
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hybrid, special involuntary muscle, automaticity=can generate impulses on its own even when disconnected from nervous system
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Respiratory System
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respiration, ventilation, oxygenation and removal of carbon dioxide, buffer to maintain acid-base balance
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Respiration
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moving O2 and CO2 across membranes, in and out of capillaries, alveoli, and cells
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Ventilation
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breathing
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Thyroid Cartilage
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adam's apple
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Epiglottis
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flap that automatically keeps liquid from entering lungs
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Lungs
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hold many aveolar sacs, gas exchange of O2 and CO2
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Diaphragm
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separates thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity
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Children vs Adults
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1-smaller nose and mouth that can be obstructed easily. 2-tongue takes up most of mouth which can block pharynx. 3-narrow trachea which can be blocked by swelling or foreign objects. 4-cricoid cartilage is less developed and less rigid. 5-chest wall is softer so rely on diaphragm for breathing
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Intercostal Muscles
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muscles between ribs
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Circulatory System
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provide cells with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide, transport blood to cells and alveoli for gas exchange, house blood, buffer bodies acid-base balance, deliver immune cells to fight infection, contain substances that promote clotting
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Artery
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carries blood away from heart
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Vein
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carries blood toward the heart
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Capillary
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blood vessel that connects artery to vein
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Red Blood Cells
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hemoglobin, carry O2 to cells, carry CO2 away from cells
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White Blood Cells
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immune system to defend against infection
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Platelets
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clots blood, stops bleeding
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Plasma
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water and electrolytes, carries blood cells and transports nutrients to tissues
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Pulse
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felt at arteries, left ventricle contracts which sends a wave of blood through the arteries....systolic blood pressure
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Hypoperfusion
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shock, insufficient supply of oxygen to body cells
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Nervous System
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control and maintain conscious and aware state, transmit sensory stimuli to brain for interpretation, control motor function, control body functions through autonomic nervous system
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Cerebrum
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outermost portion of brain, controls sensation, thought, memory
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Cerebellum
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posterior and inferior to cranium, controls muscle activity and impulses from the eyes and ears
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Peripheral Nervous System
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nerves outside the spinal chord and brain, Afferent and Efferent nerves
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Conscious
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RAS and at least one cerebral hemisphere must be intact and functioning
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Endocrine System
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Multiple glands secreted into hormones which have effects on the activity of certain organs
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Thyroid Gland
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neck, regulates metabolism, growth and development
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Parathyroid Gland
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behind thyroid, produces hormone to metabolize calcium and phosphorous in the bones
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Adrenal Glands
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on top of kidneys, secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine, postpones muscle fatigue, increase sugar storage, kidney function, regulate metabolism of salt and water
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Gonads
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ovaries and testes, produce hormones that control reproduction and sex characteristics
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Islets of Langerhans
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pancreas, makes insulin to allow glucose to enter cells, and glucagon to raise glucose level in blood
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Pituitary Glands
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base of brain, regulates all glands, "master gland"
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Alpha1
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effects cause vessels to constrict (vasoconstriction), skin becomes pale, cool, and moist
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Alpha2
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regulates release of alpha1
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Beta1
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effects increase HR, increase force of cardia contraction, speed up electrical impulse of heart
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Beta2
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cause smooth muscle to dilate
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Integumentary System
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1-protect body from environment and bacteria, 2-regulate body temp, 3-receptor for heat, cold, touch, pain, and pressure, 4-regulation of water and electrolytes
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Skin
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epidermis (dead skin and pigmentation), dermis (hair follicles, sweat glands, sensory nerves) and subcutaneous layer (fatty tissue)
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Digestive System
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alimentary tract and accessory organs, ingest and carry food so that absorption can occur and waste can be eliminated
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Urinary/Renal System
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filters and excretes waste from blood; 2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra
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Reproductive System
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Male: 2 testes (production of testosterone), 1 duct system, prostate gland, penis. Female: 2 ovaries (production of estrogen and progesterone), 2 fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, external genitals
