question

Wrote the Doctrine of Intellect

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Aristotle

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Said through active mental processes men can know truth

answer

Aristotle

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Believed that wisdom was the key

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Aristotle

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Purposed the two universal laws of learning

answer

Aristotle

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Law of association

answer

Aristotle

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Three types of association

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Contiguity, Similarity, Contrast

question

Said that ideas occurring together in time are associated

answer

Aristotle

question

studied the use of information

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Aristotle

question

what are the two universal laws of learning

answer

Law of association, use of information

question

two types of use of information

answer

Induction and deduction

question

Says that reasoning goes from particular facts to a general rule

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Induction (Aristotle)`

question

Says that reasoning goes from a general rule to a specific prediction

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Deduction (Aristotle)

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First man to try to separate philosophy from psychology

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Ebbinghaus

question

Best known for study of memory

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Ebbinghaus

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Rote Memory

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

Studied variables that affect retention

answer

Ebbinghaus

question

what are the variables that affect retention

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Time, type of material, amount of material, interference

question

Sought to identify elements of the mind

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Wundt

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First structuralist

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Wundt

question

Founder of scientific psychology

answer

Wundt

question

Father of modern psychology

answer

Wundt

question

Opened first laboratory of experimental psychology in 1879

answer

Wundt

question

Was credited for separating psychology from philosophy

answer

Wundt

question

Sought to identify the elements of the mind and consciousness

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wundt

question

What are the 3 elements to consciousness according to structuralism

answer

Sensations, feelings, images

question

Man who related with introseption

answer

Wundt

question

Method used to identify the elements of the mind based on describing what you are thinking

answer

Introseption

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First functionalist

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Dewey

question

Concerned with the functions of behavior

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Dewey

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Adaption to the environment

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Dewey

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Said that behavior is due to the environment

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Dewey

question

Reflex circuit

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Dewey

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came up with the 3 principals of functionalism

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Dewey

question

Studied the hows and whys of mental processes

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Dewey

question

Psychology of Adjustment

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Dewey

question

Studied the mental aspects of how learning takes place

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Dewey

question

What are the 3 principals of functionalism

answer

How and whys of mental processes, psychology of adjustment, studies the mental aspects of how learning takes place

question

First behaviorist

answer

Pavlov

question

Responsible for classical conditioning

answer

Pavlov

question

The pairing of a neutral stimulus with a natural stimulus to produce a response

answer

Classical conditioning

question

Said that learning is basically a matter of developing a response to a stimulus that did not originally call forth that response

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Pavlov

question

This stimulus did not previously produce a response

answer

Neutral stimulus

question

This stimulus normally brings forth a response

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Unconditioned Stimulus

question

This Response is the natural response to the UCS

answer

Unconditioned response

question

This stimulus does not normally bring a response but now does

answer

Conditioned stimulus

question

This response is the one that has been taught

answer

Conditioned response

question

When the conditioned response disappears after repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus alone after conditioning is called

answer

Extinction

question

When the conditioned stimulus is presented after a period of extinction and the conditioned response returns immediately is called?

answer

Spontaneous recovery

question

this man was related to associationism, bond psychology, and connectivism

answer

Thorndike

question

Emphasized the role of EXPERIENCE in the strengthening or weakening of stimulus/response bonds or associations

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Thorndike

question

leader in applying scientific method to psychology and education

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Thorndike

question

Came up with the three laws of learning

answer

Thorndike

question

What are the three laws of learning

answer

readiness, exercise, and effect

question

had a focus on education and said that schools should emphasize the direct training of those skills thought to be important beyond the school

answer

Thorndike

question

Believed that learning was strengthened through practice or reward

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Thorndike

question

Introduced the term behaviorist

answer

Watson

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Agreed with John Lockes Tabula rasa

answer

Watson

question

Said psychology should only be based on the observable

answer

Watson

question

Rejected the mind and consciousness

answer

Watson

question

came up with five basic premises of behaviorism

answer

Watson

question

said that all human behavior is learned

answer

watson

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Said that learning occurs as a result of conditioning

answer

Watson

question

Said that permanent learning results from frequent contiguous associations

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watson

question

Said that man is nothing more than an organism

answer

Watson

question

Said that all learning or behavior is a direct result of ones environment

answer

watson

question

What are the five basic premises of behaviorism

answer

1. All human behavior is learned 2. Learning occurs as a result of conditioning 3. Permanent learning results from frequent contiguous associations 4. Man is nothing more than an organism 5. All learning is a direct results of ones environment

question

what did the Neo-behaviorists follow

answer

The guidelines set forth by watson

question

Responsible for Contiguous conditioning

answer

Guthrie

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Said that learning takes place on the first try (one-trial-learning)

answer

Guthrie

question

believed that when a stimulus response occur together a repeat of the stimulus will bring a repeat of the response

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Guthrie

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Believed that rewards and reinforcements are not necessary

answer

Guthrie

question

Believed that learning takes place through contiguous associations

answer

Guthrie

question

Came up with the systematic learning theory

answer

Hull

question

Came up with the mathematical learning theory

answer

Hull

question

Said that motivation to learn is a result of a natural drive

answer

Hull

question

Responsible for the drive theory

answer

Hull

question

what theory is a pushing process which energizes the organism into action

answer

Drive theory

question

Came up with mathematical formulas to predict behavior

answer

Hull

question

Viewed behavior in context with needs satisfaction

answer

Hull

question

Believed that the foundation of learning is habit formation

answer

Hull

question

believed that learning must be reinforced to be retained

answer

Hull

question

Responsible for gestalt psychology

answer

Wertheimer

question

Believed that learning takes place though insight (theory and theorist)

answer

Wertheimer, gestalt psychology

question

German for part or whole

answer

Gestalt

question

Believed that the whole is different then the sum of its parts

answer

Wertheimer

question

Laid the basis for sight learning (theory and theorist)

answer

Wertheimer, Gestalt psychology

question

Six gestalt laws

answer

proximity, similarity, continuity, closure, closed form, common movement

question

responsible for sign learning

answer

Tolman

question

Influenced by gestalt psychology so he believed that s-r relationships could not explain all learning

answer

Tolman

question

Purposed that once an organism has learned that a behavior produces a certain goal, the organism behaves in order to achieve that goal

answer

Tolman

question

Believed that reward and reinforcement had little effect on learning but affected performance

answer

Tolman

question

Believed that learning is a systematic process guided by goals and expectations with memory as the foundation

answer

Tolman

question

Responsible for operant conditioning

answer

Skinner

question

A behavior or response that operates on the environment to produce rewarding and reinforcing effects. (theory and theorist)

answer

Operant Conditioning, Skinner

question

Developed to control and measure animal learning (theorist and object)

answer

Skinner box, Skinner

question

Emphasized manipulation of behavior by managing reinforcement conditions

answer

Skinner

question

Says that desirable behavior is reinforced and maintained; undesirable behavior is ignored and weakened (theory and theorist)

answer

Behavior modification, skinner

question

Rewards for each increment towards learning (term and theorist)

answer

shaping Skinner

question

with this reinforcement schedule every correct response is reinforced

answer

Continuous

question

This reinforcement schedule rewards organism based on the number of responses

answer

Fixed ratio

question

This reinforcement schedule rewards organism based on an average number of responses

answer

Variable ratio

question

This reinforcement schedule rewards organism based on the first response after a certain fixed amount of time

answer

Fixed interval

question

This reinforcement schedule rewards organism based on the first response after an average amount of time

answer

Variable interval

question

First cognitivist or constructionist

answer

Piaget

question

Responsible for the developmental learning theory

answer

Piaget

question

Emphasized the interaction between physical maturation and individual cognitive growth

answer

Piaget

question

Genetic Epistemology

answer

Piaget

question

A branch of philosophy curious about origins of knowledge

answer

Epistemology

question

Two types of knowledge according to piaget

answer

1. Figurative: Knowledge of facts 2. Operative: result of reasoning

question

basic structure through which an individuals knowledge is mentally represented (Term and theorist)

answer

Schema,Piaget

question

Process of responding to the environment in accordance with one's schemata (term and theorist)

answer

Assimilation, Piaget

question

the process by which schemata are modified (term and theorist)

answer

accommodation, Piaget

question

The temporary cognitive stability resulting from the balance of assimilation and accommodation (term and theorist)

answer

Equilibration, Piaget

question

Responsible for the four stages of cognitive development

answer

Piaget

question

what are the four stages of cognitive development

answer

1. Sensorimotor (0-2) learn through senses 2. Preoperational (2-7) does not reason well 3. Concrete operational (7-12) Develops ability to reason and begins to think logically 4. formal operational (12 and up) Thinks and reasons efficiently

question

Responsible for the cognitive learning theory

answer

Atkinson and Shiffron

question

Who came up with the most prevalent view of human memory

answer

Atkinson and Shiffron

question

viewed the human mind as a structured processing system for handling info

answer

Atkinson and Shiffron

question

Rise in computers increased acceptance of their theory

answer

Atkinson and Shiffron

question

stages of memory

answer

1. Sensory register (input) 2. Short-term memory (process) Working memory 3. Long term memory (storage)

question

part of the memory that is responsible for storing information and holds a copy of the stimuli

answer

Sensory register

question

This part of memory is always interrupted

answer

Sensory register

question

This part of memory briefly holds information while being mentally processed

answer

Short term

question

this part of memory preforms mental operations

answer

Working memory

question

This part of memory is where thinking actually takes place

answer

Working memory

question

This part of memory stores the gist of information but not word for word

answer

Long term

question

Responsible for the cognitive learning theory computer analogy

answer

Atkinson and Shiffron

question

What is the capacity and duration of the sensory register

answer

unlimited, up to 2 seconds

question

What is the capacity and duration of the short term memory

answer

7 plus or minus 2 chunks, 15-30 seconds longer if rehearsed

question

what is the capacity and duration of the long term memory

answer

Near infinite capacity and duration

question

Combining separate items into meaningful units (term and theorist)

answer

Chunking, Atkinson and Shiffron

question

Responsible for the primacy recency effect

answer

Atkinson and Shiffron

question

What theory says that you are likely to remember beginning and end of lists and forget the middle

answer

Primacy recency effect

question

Greatest influence was in area of philosophy

answer

Rousseau

question

Author of Emile

answer

Rousseau

question

Rejected standards and authority

answer

Rousseau

question

Said that child is basically good but corrupted by civilization

answer

Rousseau

question

Said that books are not necessary

answer

Rousseau

question

Believed in child centered classrooms guided by child's interests

answer

Rousseau

question

Worked with the mentally disabled

answer

Montessori

question

Based school on the book Emile to provide children freedom within a prepared environment

answer

Montessori

question

Most recent learning theorist

answer

Glasser

question

His greatest influence was in the areas of evaluation, discipline, and concept learning

answer

Glasser

question

Believed in open book tests; just teach them how to find the information

answer

Glasser

question

Author of schools without failure

answer

Glasser

question

Opposed homework, grades and tests

answer

Glasser

question

His ideas later became called outcome based education

answer

Glasser

question

Opposed traditional education

answer

Vygotsky

question

Greatest influence was in the areas of language and self-esteem

answer

Vygotsky

question

Whole language

answer

Vygotsky

question

Collaborative learning

answer

Vygotsky

question

Constructivism

answer

Vygotsky

question

Responsible for the zone of proximal development

answer

Vygotsky

question

This theorist says that one who can learn to do something in a group today will later be able to do it individually

answer

Vygotsky

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