Question 1

Altered tau protein cannot bind to its usual targets within axons, and so it

Accepted Answer

starts spreading into the cell body and dendrites

Question 2

What is a major advantage of Aplysia for studies on the physiology of learning?

Accepted Answer

There is great similarity of nervous system anatomy from one individual to another.

Question 3

Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced:

Accepted Answer

Little apparent affect

Question 4

How does one produce long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system?

Accepted Answer

a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds

Question 5

Following a certain kind of experience in Aplysia, a facilitating interneuron causes changes that block the potassium channels at the end of the axon of the sensory neuron, leading to:

Accepted Answer

Sensitization

Question 6

It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for:

Accepted Answer

Associative learning

Question 7

In Aplysia, sensitization has been found to depend on a series of events that:

Accepted Answer

block potassium channels in the sensory neuron.

Question 8

Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP, whereas stimulation by just one produces it weakly, if at all. This is known as the property of:

Accepted Answer

Cooperativity

Question 9

Research on Aplysia shows us that at least one physiological basis for learning involves which of the following?

Accepted Answer

increased dendrite branching

Question 10

In Pavlov\'s experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the:

Accepted Answer

Condition response

Question 11

Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____.

Accepted Answer

Consequence; association

Question 12

The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better, defines:

Accepted Answer

Mass action

Question 13

A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff\'s syndrome is:

Accepted Answer

confabulation

Question 14

Most Korsakoff\'s victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the:

Accepted Answer

dorsomedial thalamus.

Question 15

Blocking NMDA synapses has what effect, if any, on LTP?

Accepted Answer

It prevents the establishment of LTP.

Question 16

The general function of working memory is to:

Accepted Answer

Attend to and operate on current information.

Question 17

When glutamate massively stimulates AMPA receptors, the resulting depolarization:

Accepted Answer

Enables glutamate to stimulate nearby NMDA receptors.

Question 18

Restlessness, depression, hallucinations and loss of appetite all accompany:

Accepted Answer

Alzheimer\'s disease.

Question 19

The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____.

Accepted Answer

a short while ago

Question 20

Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat\'s cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any?

Accepted Answer

under none of the circumstances he studied

Question 21

\"All parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning\" defines

Accepted Answer

equipotentiality.

Question 22

Why did some experimenters in the 1960\'s and 1970\'s grind up the brains of some rats and inject extracts into other rats?

Accepted Answer

It was believed that memories could be transferred in this way.

Question 23

Amyloid is to ____, as tau is to ____.

Accepted Answer

plaques, tangles

Question 24

A diet low in calcium could possible interfere with learning by preventing:

Accepted Answer

activation of CaMKII.

Question 25

In some cases of Alzheimer\'s disease that run in families, the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s)?

Accepted Answer

genes on several different chromosomes

Question 26

Researchers have found several drugs, including ____, which weaken memories of recent events.

Accepted Answer

Propranolol

Question 27

Habituation of the gill withdrawal response in Aplysia depends on:

Accepted Answer

a change in the synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron.

Question 28

Lashley\'s conclusions from his engram research were based on certain unnecessary assumptions, which later psychologists have discarded. One of those assumptions was that the:

Accepted Answer

brain treats all kinds of memory the same way.

Question 29

Strong stimulation anywhere on the skin of an Aplysia excites axons that attach to receptors and:

Accepted Answer

close potassium channels in the membrane.

Question 30

What is a major advantage of Aplysia for studies on the physiology of learning?

Accepted Answer

There is great similarity of nervous system anatomy from one individual to another.

Question 31

The most likely cause of the brain damage typical of Alzheimer\'s disease is due to a:

Accepted Answer

increase in amyloid-Î² proteins.

Question 32

Researchers begin to look for clues to the genetics of Alzheimer\'s by investigating the chromosome related to:

Accepted Answer

Down syndrome.

Question 33

What is the current status of research on transfer of training through brain extracts?

Accepted Answer

Research ended without a conclusion because the phenomenon was difficult to replicate.

Question 34

In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the:

Accepted Answer

cerebellum.

Question 35

Giving a dolphin a treat when it does a summersault would be considered a(n):

Accepted Answer

reinforcement.

Question 36

While studying classical conditioning of the eyelid response in rabbits, investigators suppress the activity of the red nucleus. What results will occur?

Accepted Answer

Learning will not occur.

Question 37

Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff\'s syndrome.

Accepted Answer

prefrontal cortex

Question 38

Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory that he called

Accepted Answer

short-term and long-term.

Question 39

The NMDA receptor responds to its transmitters when:

Accepted Answer

the membrane is already at least partly depolarized.

Question 40

Which of the following experiments would be a reasonable test of whether an animal has suffered damage to its hippocampus?

Accepted Answer

Does it reenter a single arm before entering all the other appropriate arms in a radial maze?

Question 41

The study of amnesic patients leads us to the conclusion that people have ____ kind of memory, and that memory depends on ____ of the brain.

Accepted Answer

more than one; different parts

Question 42

In Pavlov\'s experiments, he presented a sound followed by meat. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the:

Accepted Answer

unconditioned response.

Question 43

Pavlov believed that classical conditioning reflected a strengthened connection between two brain areas that were activated by:

Accepted Answer

the CS and UCS.

Question 44

People with parietal lobe damage the process of ____ is damaged.

Accepted Answer

associating one event with another

Question 45

Structures formed from degenerating neuronal cell bodies are called:

Accepted Answer

tangles.

Question 46

Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter. What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food?

Accepted Answer

relative size of the hippocampus

Question 47

How does one produce long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system?

Accepted Answer

a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds

Question 48

What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff\'s syndrome?

Accepted Answer

Thiamine

Question 49

H.M. was able to learn and remember:

Accepted Answer

skills like mazes and puzzles.

Question 50

____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior, even if one does not recognize that influence.

Accepted Answer

Implicit memory

Question 51

The ability to state a memory in words is termed:

Accepted Answer

declarative memory.

Question 52

Short-term memory may be characterized as:

Accepted Answer

having a limited capacity.

Question 53

Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced:

Accepted Answer

little apparent effect.

Question 54

Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

Accepted Answer

retrograde

Question 55

A possible treatment for Alzheimer\'s is the administration of drugs that:

Accepted Answer

stimulate acetylcholine receptors.

Question 56

Most researchers now believe that the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein:

Accepted Answer

are partly the cause of Alzheimer\'s disease.

Question 57

conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex

Accepted Answer

classical conditioning

Question 58

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.

Accepted Answer

operant conditioning

Question 59

an event that decreases the behavior that it follows

Accepted Answer

punishment

Question 60

(psychology) a stimulus that strengthens or weakens the behavior that produced it

Accepted Answer

reinforcement

Question 61

the physical representation of what has been learned. a connection between two brain areas would be a possiblility of one.

Accepted Answer

engram

Question 62

all parts of the cortex contributeequally to the complex behaviors such as learning; any part of the cortex can substitue for any other

Accepted Answer

equipotentiality

Question 63

The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better (principle Karl Lashley proposed).

Accepted Answer

mass action

Question 64

The memory stage with a small capacity (7 +- 2 chunks) and brief duration (< 30 seconds) that we are consciously aware of and in which we do our problem solving, reasoning and decision making.

Accepted Answer

short term memory

Psychology Ch 13: Biology of learning and Memory – Flashcards

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