Cognitive Level of Analysis: Learning Outcomes – Flashcards
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Outline principles that define the cognitive level of analysis. //SAQ//
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(1) Human beings are information processors and mental representations guide behaviour. (2) Mental processes can and should be studied scientifically by developing theories and using a variety of research methods. (3) Social and cultural factors affect cognitive processes.
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Explain how principles that define the cognitive level of analysis may be demonstrated in research (theories/studies). //SAQ//
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(1) Human beings are information processors and mental representations guide behaviour. • Darley & Gross (2) Mental processes can and should be studied scientifically by developing theories and using a variety of research methods. • Fisher (3) Social and cultural factors affect cognitive processes • Bartlett
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Discuss how and why particular research methods are used at the cognitive level of analysis. //EssayQ//
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(1) Experiments (lab/QUASI/field) • Loftus & Palmer • Craik & Tulving • Aron & Dutton (2) Brain Image Technologies (MRI, fMRI, PET) • Fisher • Nyberg • Raine et al.
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Discuss ethical considerations related to research studies at the cognitive level of analysis. //EssayQ//
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Ethical guidelines (6) - Deception - Right to withdraw - Protection of participants - Informed consent - Confidentiality - Debriefing • Clive Wearing - Informed consent - Confidentiality - Right to withdraw - Debriefing • Schacter & Singer - Deception - Debriefing - Informed consent - Protection of participants
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Evaluate schema theory with reference to research studies //EssayQ//
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Schema = mental representation of knowledge, belief or/and expectations about particular aspects of the world. • Bartlett • Allport & Postman • Darley & Gross
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Evaluate two models or theories of one cognitive process with the reference to research studies. //EssayQ//
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Cognitive process: memory (1) Multistore Model - Atkinson & Shiffrin • Peterson & Peterson • Glanzer & Cunitz • HM & Clive Wearing (mentionable) (2) Levels of Processing - Craik & Lockhart • Craik & Tulving • Nyberg
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Explain how biological factors may affect one cognitive process. //SAQ//
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Cognitive process: memory (1) Brain damage/damage to hippocampus • HM • Clive Wearing (mentionable) (2) Sleep deprivation • Nicholas Dumay
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Discuss how social or cultural factors affect one cognitive process. //EssayQ//
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Factors: cultural Cognitive process: memory • Bartlett • Allport & Postman • Cole & Scribner
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With reference to relevant research studies, to what extent is one cognitive process reliable? //EssayQ//
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Cognitive process: memory • Loftus & Palmer • Bartlett • Allport & Postman • Craik & Tulving ... to some extent.
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Discuss the use of technology in investigating cognitive processes. //EssayQ//
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-> cognition always involves neuronal activity in the brain (1) fMRI/MRI [(Functional) Magnetic Resonance Imaging] - 3D picture of the brain • Fisher - perception • HM - memory (2) PET-scan [Positron Emission Tomography] - Coloured maps of the brain • Raine et al. (3) EEG and MEG (mentionable) - Recordings of the brain's electrical activity (firing neurons) and magnetic fields
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To what extent do cognitive and biological factors interact in emotion? //EssayQ//
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Emotion = the body's adaptive response to a particular situation. Consist of 3 components: I: physiological changes II: subjectie feeling of the emotions III: associated behaviour => the expression of the emotion Cognitive = the mental processes of acquiring and processing information Physiology = intenral, biologiccal mechanisms (hormones, neurotransmitters etc.) (1) The Two Factor Theory - physiological cues > cognitive labelling > emotion • Schacter & Singer • Aron & Dutton • Hohmann (2) The Appraisal Theory (Lazarus) - perception > appraisal > mediation (+ physiological response) • Speisman et al. ... to a large extent but in complex ways yet not well known.
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Evaluate one theory of how emotion may affect one cognitive process. //EssayQ//
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The Theory of Flashbulb Memory • Brown & Kulik • Conway et al. • (counter study) Wright
