Cognitive and Behavioral Learning Influence – Flashcards
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latent learning
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Type of learning that occurs without reinforcement and isn't obvious until demonstrated.
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cognitive map
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An organism's mental representation or diagram of information.
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predictive value
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The value of a conditioned stimulus that determines if a consequence will occur.
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taste aversion
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An effect of classical conditioning that occurs when an organism learns to associate a certain food or drink with an unpleasant or even dangerous reaction.
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phobia
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An extreme automatic fear response that is triggered by a specific stimulus.
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preparedness
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The predisposition of certain organisms to be conditioned in certain ways.
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superstition
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Learned behavior intended to effect an outcome upon which it has no apparent influence
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learned helplessness
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A general sense of inability to affect one's position.
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cognition
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Mental activity that assists in acquiring knowledge and increasing understanding.
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conditioning
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conditioned behaviors were first studied in psychology in order to assess one's learning ability. Conditioning occurs when certain events begin to become associated with each other
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Behaviorists
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behaviorist wanted to look only at observable behavior, argued cognition (thinking or reasoning) is unobservable is unobservable and therefore not subject to scientific inquiry, argued learning must be demonstrated in order to be properly assessed
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Cognition Affects Learning
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classical and operant conditioning did not account for thinking in behaviorist models. Example: individuals would react differently to the same stimulus Classical and operant conditioning did not account for thinking in behaviorist models Example: Individuals would react differently to the same stimulus
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Cognition Affects Learning
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Cognitive influences on conditioning are now accepted in psychology, the influence of cognition on learning has been demonstrated
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Cognitive Influences Are Comparable to Computing
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Perceptions: Keyboard, mouse Memory: RAM, Hard Drive, Files Behavioral Response: Programmatic output
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Learning that occurs without any demonstration is known as __________ learning. A. simulated B. latent C. narrative D. behavioral
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B
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Classical and operant conditioning were the first systems of learning to be studied in psychology that focused on __________ behavior. A. increasing B. avoiding C. predicting D. describing
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D
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Evidence for Cognitive Learning
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Edward Tolman Latent learning, Use of cognitive maps Robert Rescorla Influence of the predictive value of stimuli
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Edward Tolman
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Born in 1886; died 1959 Behaviorist Conducted experiments with rats in mazes Discovered use of Latent learning cognitive maps
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Tolman: Maze Experiment
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Group A rats reinforced each time they reached the end of the maze Group B rats No reinforcement Group C rats No reinforcement until eleventh day
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Tolman: Maze Experiment
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Outcome Group C becomes best at running maze shortly after being reinforced Tolman theorized rats were learning the maze without reinforcement Believed rats did not demonstrate learning because they weren't reinforced or rewarded for behavior
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Tolman: Conclusions
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Tolman concluded that the rats were forming cognitive maps of the maze as well as experiencing latent learning Cognitive map: An organism's mental representation or diagram of information Latent learning: Type of learning that occurs without reinforcement and isn't obvious until demonstrated
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Robert Rescorla
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Born in 1940 Behavioral neuroscientist Tested rat's reposes to stimuli wanted to determine if variations in stimuli influenced conditioned behavior
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Robert Rescorla
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Rescorla assigned a predictive value to the stimuli used in the experiment Predictive value the value of a conditioned stimulus that determines if a consequence will occur
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Rescorla: Predictive value
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Group A shock and tone paired 20 out of 20 times Showed more fear of tone Group B Shock and tone paired 10 out of 20 times Showed less fear of tone
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The type of learning that occurs without reinforcement and isn't obvious until demonstrated is known as __________. A. cognitive map B. latent learning C. productive learning D. demonstrative learning
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B
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The psychologist known for latent learning and cognitive maps is _________. A. Robert Rescorla B. Edward Tolman C. William James D. B. F. Skinner
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B
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John Garcia
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Researched taste aversion in rats, concluded that natural associated occurring between toxins in food or drink and nausea helps organism survive. Natural aversion that developed will lead one to avoid toxic substance
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Phobias as Preparedness
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Martin Seligman Preparedness The predisposition of certain organisms to be conditioned in certain ways
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Superstition
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B. F. Skinner Superstitions are a result of intermittent reinforcement for accidental behaviors
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cognitive explanation
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mental models may inaccurately associate meaningless behaviors with consequences
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Learned Helplessness
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Martin Seligman experimented on dogs totest the effect of having no control over environmental situations Stage 1 Dogs harnessed together Dogs given identical shocks Dog 1 given pedal to stop both shocks Dog 2 given ineffective pedal
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Learned Helplessness
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Stage 2 Dogs individually taken to room that was split by a small wall Shocked were given on only one side of wall Dog could freely move to the "shock-free" side
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Learned Helplessness
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Outcome Dog 1 easily escapes to non electrified side Dog 2 sits and cowers on electrified side
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Learned helplessness
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A general sense of inability to affect one's position
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One day in second grade, Chris drank chocolate milk before recess. She then played hard during recess and got sick from the heat. That was years ago, but Chris never drank chocolate milk again because even thinking about chocolate milk makes her feel sick. Chris is most likely experiencing __________. A. food aversion B. superstition C. phobia D. learned helplessness
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A
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An extreme automatic fear response that is triggered by a specific stimulus refers to __________. A. food aversion B. superstitions C. phobias D. learned helplessness
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C
