Question 1

Rational choice theory has roots in the _____________ school of criminology developed by the Italian costal thinker Cesare Beccaria.  a.ecological b.interactionist c.classical d.positivist

Accepted Answer

Classical school

Question 2

At the end of the 19th century, the popularity of the classical approach began to decline as ___________ criminologists focused their attention on internal and external factors, such as poverty, IQ, and education, rather than personal choice and decision making.  a.positivist b.ecological c.classical d. interactionist

Accepted Answer

Positivist

Question 3

Crime is ___________ because criminals will react selectively to the characteristics of an individual criminal act. a. offender-specific b. offense-specific c. reward-specific d. risk-specific

Accepted Answer

Offense-specific

Question 4

\"Awareness Space\" indicates that which crime is rational? a. robbery b. prostitution  c. theft d. drug dealing

Accepted Answer

Robbery

Question 5

The concept of situational crime prevention suggests that desperate people may contemplate crime, but only the truly _____________ will attack a well-defended, inaccessible target and risk strict punishment.  a. needy b. skilled c. experienced d. irrational

Accepted Answer

Irrational

Question 6

Closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance cameras and improved street lighting are mechanical forms of crime _____________.  a.discouragers b. inhibitors c. obstructers  d. monitors

Accepted Answer

Discouragers

Question 7

Situational crime prevention tactics generally fall into one of four categories. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories? a. increasing the use of probation for committing a crime. b.increasing the risk of committing a crime. c. increasing the effort needed to commit crime. d. inducing guilt or shame for committing crime.

Accepted Answer

Increasing the use of probation for committing crime

Question 8

What happens when efforts to prevent one crime unintentionally prevent another? a. diffusion b. discouragement c. displacement d. extinction

Accepted Answer

Diffusion

Question 9

_________ occurs when crime control efforts simply move, or redirect, offenders to less heavily guarded alternative targets. a. displacement  b. diffusion c. displacement d. extinction

Accepted Answer

Displacement

Question 10

What happens when crime reduction programs produce a short-term positive effect, but benefits dissipate as criminals adjust to new conditions? a. diffusion  b. discouragement  c. displacement  d. extinction

Accepted Answer

Extinction

Question 11

What happens when criminals try new offenses they had previously avoided because situational crime prevention programs neutralized their crime of choice? a. discouragement  b. extinction c. replacement  d. self deterrence

Accepted Answer

Replacement

Question 12

The concept of general deterrence holds that ___________. a. as people age they commit fewer crimes b. if guardians become increasingly motivated, there will be less crime c. motivated people will violate the law if left unrestricted  d. the decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment

Accepted Answer

The decision to commit crime can be controlled by the threat of criminal punishment.

Question 13

People who believe that they will be caught if they commit crime are the ones most likely to be deterred from committing criminal acts. What element of deterrence does this reflect? a. perception of punishment b. severity of punishment c. speed of punishment d. certainty of punishment

Accepted Answer

Certainty of Punishment

Question 14

Specific deterrence suggests that criminal sanctions should be so powerful that known criminals will never repeat their criminal acts. Which statement about harsh (powerful) sanctions and deterrence is NOT true? a. harsh sanctions work as an effective deterrence to recidivism b. harsh sanctions may result in defiance rather than deterrence  c. experiencing harsh sanctions may cause severe psychological problems  d. the stigma of harsh sanctions labels and locks people into criminal careers

Accepted Answer

Harsh sanctions will work as an effective deterrence to recidivism.

Question 15

If more criminals are sent to prison, the crime rate should go down. This is referred to as the ____________ effect.  a. incarceration b.prison c. incapacitation  d. recidivism

Accepted Answer

Incapacitation Effect

Question 16

According to the research on burglaries, in general, when do burglars prefer to commit their crimes?  a. 3am-5am  b. 9am-11am c. 6pm-8pm d. 11pm-1am

Accepted Answer

9am -11am

Question 17

Socio-biologists view all of the following factors as being mutually interdependent EXCEPT _______________.  a. biology b. environment c. learning  d. ecology

Accepted Answer

Ecology

Question 18

Diet, hormones, and contaminants are the causes of behavior in the ________________ perspective.  a. biochemical b. neurophysiological c. genetic d. evolutionary

Accepted Answer

Biochemical

Question 19

Biosocial research has found that abnormal levels of male sex hormones, known as _____________, do in fact produce aggressive behavior. a. antigens b.androgens c.estrogens  d. peptides

Accepted Answer

Androgens

Question 20

____________, the most abundant androgen, has been linked to criminality. a. testosterone  b. estrogen c.serotonin d. monoamine

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 21

What is the study of brain activity? a. psychology  b. neurophysiology c. pathology  d. evolutionary criminolgy

Accepted Answer

Neurophysiology

Question 22

Brain scanning techniques using electronic images suggest that what is a true statement? a. all criminals have low levels of testosterone  b. both violent criminals and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.  c. female inmates show lower levels of synopsis activity than men. d. latinos have higher rates of androgens in the cerebral cortex than non-latinos.

Accepted Answer

Both violent crimes and substance abusers have impairment in the pre-frontal lobe.

Question 23

Many children with ADHD also suffer from _________ and continually engage in aggressive and antisocial behavior early in childhood. a.conduct disorder b. schizophrenia c. hypoglycemia  d. behavior modeling

Accepted Answer

Conduct Disorder

Question 24

Evidence exists indicating that abnormally low levels of brain chemical compounds called __________ are associated with violent behavior. a. electrolytes b. chemical \"straightjackets\"  c. chemical restraints d. neurotransmitters

Accepted Answer

Neurotransmitters (serotonin and dopamine)

Question 25

The major premise of neurological theory is that ________. a. as the human race evolved traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime

Accepted Answer

Criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment.

Question 26

If criminal fathers produce criminal sons who produce criminal grandchildren, then crime can be said to be ___________. a. intraracial  b. interracial c. interbiological d. intergenerational

Accepted Answer

Intergenerational

Question 27

According to _________________ theory, for a variety of genetic and environmental reasons, people\'s brains function differently in response to environmental stimuli.  a. excitement b. arousal c. danger d. stimuli

Accepted Answer

Arousal Theory

Question 28

The major premise of genetic theory is that _________. a. as the human race evolved, traits and characteristics became ingrained, some of which make people aggressive and predisposed to commit crime. b. the criminality of the parents can predict the delinquency of their children c. criminals and delinquents often suffer brain impairment  d. crime is a function of diet and food allergies

Accepted Answer

The criminality of parents can predict the delinquency of their children

Question 29

According to psychoanalytic perspective, the _____________ develop as a result of incorporating within the personality moral standards and values of parents, community, and significant others. a. id b. ego c.superego d. conscience

Accepted Answer

Superego

Question 30

Social learning theory state that people ___________.  a. are born with aggressive tendencies b. hold aggressive mental scripts in their subconscious  c. learn to be aggressive through their life experiences d. have chemical needs that require violence for stimulation

Accepted Answer

Learn to be aggressive through their life experiences

Question 31

___________ theory is a psychological perspective that focuses on mental processes- how people perceive and mentally represent the world around them.  a. Neurophysiology  b. Cognitive  c. Biosocial d. Evolutionary

Accepted Answer

Cognitive

Question 32

According to sociobiology, living in a disadvantaged neighborhood will cause a well-adjusted person to commit crime. T/F

Accepted Answer

False

Question 33

Biosocial research has found abnormal levels of male sex-hormones, or androgens, produce aggressive behavior patterns. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 34

According to Arousal Theory, sensation seekers look for stimulating activities that may include aggressive, violent behavior patterns. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 35

There is a significant relationship between parental and child deviance levels.  T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 36

Evolutionary theorists belive that human traits that produce violence and aggression have been advanced by the long process of human evolution. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 37

Social Learning theorists argue that people are not born with the ability to act violently. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 38

nature theory argue that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines IQ, and that low intelligence as demonstrated by a low IQ, is linked to criminal behavior. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 39

Rational choice theory has its roots in classical criminology and the work of Cesare Beccaria. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 40

The concept behind rational choice theory is that crime is a function of decision-malign process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 41

According to rational choice theory, crime is not a random event, but rather the product of calculation and planning.  T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 42

Situational crime prevention can be achieved by reducing the opportunities people have to commit particular crimes. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 43

According to deterrence theory, not only does the actual chance of punishment influence criminality, but so does the PERCEPTION of punishment. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

Question 44

There is little evidence that incapacitating criminals will deter them from future criminality. T/F

Accepted Answer

True

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