Stuttering Developmental, Environmental and Learning Factoring – Flashcards

brain has limited amount of resources that can be applied to tasks like learning to speak and learning to walk. if some tasks require a great deal of attention other tasks will have fewer resources. - shared resources is problem for kids bc their immature nervous system have less processing capacity to share. - during preschool years different changes in childs body make it hard for movement of speech.

communication style that characterizes people in a child's environment- usually his home. Some family may speak fast or interrupt child frequently- stress child.

Happenings in a child's life that may stress the child, like divorce or hospitalized.

Repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus like a person with a stimulus (long stutter) that elicits a response (like fear) so that the neutral stimulus eventually elicits the response. Stuttering treatment can break this link with "desensitization" which pairs the old behavior that elicited fear (ex a long stutter) with a different response (clinicians positive interest in the clients long stutter)- positive reponse

Following a behavior with a reward or punishment so that the behavior becomes more frequent (if rewarded) or less frequent (if punished) Explains why stuttering behaviors become more and more abnormal as the child stutters more.

Occurs when a person uses a behavior to try to prevent an unpleasant occurrence by doing something. May begin when a person first escapes from a stutter by saying an extra sound or word like uh, then may make that sound even more before saying the feared word like uh can I have that. - stuttering could start with stress or even ordinariness of situations.

Constituional Factors--> stuttering onset and dev. - developmental factors (onset stuttering happens in early preschool 2-5), environmental (stress or normal, genes), and learning factors contribute to stuttering. - one year=single words - 2 year= words together

- social and motor dysfluencies could be bc of whats going on with the child. - precotous vocabulary- very advanced (usually see these kids if they're only child)- seldom if siblings - mistiming with stuttering in oral - could be opposite end and have limited vocab/syntax/semantics- can increase disfluency - rarely that it happens in ages 2-5 - earthquake could cause child to stutter - could have predisposition to stuttering - case in book: child began to read he stuttered - grow motor behaviors that compete with fluency. - learning motor control of speech without other motor skills puts demands on brain. - stuttering challenge can be delay in motor developement. - speech and lang delays common in stutters than those who dont.

- use technique- reading speech - cognitive development- IQ - no correlation btw IQ and stuttering- help to have average iQ - stutterers some have low IQ, maybe bc have to say things and get timed- 10:40 - downsydrome have disfluency- health issues - some downsytrom dont have secondary behaviors- their speech intelligibility is poor - if stuttering could be stressed, change - pws not more anxious- but when in moment of stuttering look like nervous - as lang develops fast, complexity of kids utterances may exceed their speech production abilities. - no evidence that parents of children who stutter use faster rates, more questions, more interruptions, complex utterances than do parents of nonstuttering kids.

growth of perception, attention, working memory, executive functions that play role in spoken lang but separate from it. - two ways affects stuttering... 1. spurts in cognitive dev may accompany onset of stuttering as well as sudden incr of stuttering. 2. child who stutters develops more advanced cognitive abilities, more likely to become aware and self conscous of his stuttering (by age 2) - learning to think can make demands on cognitive linguistic abilities, leaving fewer resources available for production of fluent speech. - emotions like embarassment, self concous feeling stutterers feel persists stuttering.

Emotional Security- to mom attached - if pregnant mom- younger kid will start to stutterer bc no attention - case: young precostious girl jumping and 2nd hour started to stutterer.- weird could be head trauma. - mom is pregnant and moving house - excitement can cause stuttering - emotional ambivalence- like telling mom not to restrain him and trouble with motor control of speech to express.

- parents of stuttereres more perfectionistic and critical *possible speech and language stresses 1. Rapid Speech rate: want to talk like mom so fast 2. Polysyllabic vocab- use more words, - complex syntax- sentence with "bc" and "and" 3. use of 2 languages in home- possible lang stresses 4. some kids will code switch as an avoidance behavior when stuterring - interrupting, hurried- dont like to be rushed, dmand for speech- ex mom tell kid to say something infront of grandma, 95% of parent will say that excited when speaking is evident, if have many things to say will cause stuttering 5. Competition for speaking- btw siblings 6. Frequent interruptions 7. Demand for display speech- grandma ex 8. Loss of listener attention 9. Hurries when speaking 10. Frequent questions 11. Excited when speaking 12. Many things to say - stuttering could be bc of childs use of advanced lang.- more complex syntax, semantics -- kids who stutter not good at taking turns - good stress or bad stress can cause disfluency - ex going to disneyland

1. The childs family moves to a new house, city 2. Childs parents divorce 3.family member dies 4. family member hospitalized 5. child is hospitalized 6. parent loses his her job 7. baby is born, or child adopted 8. additional person comes to live at house 9. one or both parent go away a lot for long time 10. holidays or visits occur which cause change in routine or anxiety or excitement. 11. discipline problem involving the child.

- how barrys stuttering changed through learning - reduce symptoms with experiences- guidance of therapist with learning the classical, operant, avoidance conditioning

- by Pavlov - Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)- food - Unconditioned Response (UCR)- response - UCS with neutral stimulus (CS) - bell= elicit UCR - CS bell elicit CR salivating

CS- neutral stimulus easy stuttering UCS- causes him to react to stuttering, he notices hes stuttering UCR-what his response is- frustration, negative response CS- stuttering will cause UCR- response of negative thoughts

- positive reinforcement: positively reinforce when do good - punishment: - Negative reinforcement: - Cancellation: clients to stop talking right after stutter word and in silence plan relaxed way of stuttering on the word. - Pullout: client stop in middle of tense stutter and hold onto the sound until could relax muscle and finish it relaxed. - Preparatory Set: clients to pause before the word to stutter and put their speech mechanisms into relaxed normal state.

use avoidance behaviors like um before stutter. Ppl avoid speaking, certain words, substitute, use extra sounds