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Recall

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Measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test

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Recognition

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Measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test

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Relearning

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Measure of memory that assess the amount of time saved when learning material again the second, third, and etc.

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Subjective Well-Being

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Self-Perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

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Social Support

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Stress coping method which creates health benefits, It calms us and reduces blood pressure and stress hormones, fights illness by fostering stronger immune functioning. Also close relationships give us an opportunity for "open heart therapy," a chance to confide painful feelings

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Short Term Memory

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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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Long Term Memory

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Permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system of knowledge, skills, and experiences, for later retrieval

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Working Memory

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Newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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Explicit Memory

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facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall

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Implicit Memory

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the ones we are not fully aware of and thus don't "declare"/talk about

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Echoic Memory

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auditory sensory memory; 3-4 second echo

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Ionic Memory

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visual sensory memory; 1/20th of a second visual image

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Spacing Effect

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Encoding is more effective when it is spread over time

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Feel-Good Do-Good Phenomenon

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People's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

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Stress

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process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging; arises less from the events themselves than from how we appraise them

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Psychoneuro-Immunology

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Studies our mind-body interactions, thoughts and emotions, affect our brain, which controls the stress hormones that influence your disease-fighting immune system

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Type A Personality

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Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

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Type B Personality

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Easy going, relaxed people

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Type D Personality

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Suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval

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Coping

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Reducing stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods

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Learned Helplessness

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The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or person learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

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Self-Control

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Ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards

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Flashbulb Memories

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Clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events via emotion-triggered hormonal changes and rehearsal

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Priming

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Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

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Context-Dependent Memory

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When we retrieve a memory more easily in the same context as when we formed the memory.

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Misinformation Effect

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When a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

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General Adaptation System

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(A)larm (R)esistance (E)xhaustion

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GAS (Phase 1)

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Sympathetic nervous system activated

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GAS (Phase 2)

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The Body copes with stressor

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GAS (Phase 3)

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Body's reserves get depleted

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Effortful Processing

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Studying, rehearsing, thinking about, and then storing information in long-term memory

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The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968)

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Sensory Memory - the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information Short Term Memory - (activated memory that holds a few items briefly), where we encode it through rehearsal Long Term Memory - the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system of knowledge, skills, and experiences, for later retrieval

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Mindfullness Medititaion

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Relaxing and silently attending to your inner state, without judging it (self-compassion); strengthens connections among regions in the brain, activates brain regions associated with more reflexive awareness, and calms brain activation in emotional situations

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Internal Locus of Control

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we feel that we are in charge of ourselves and our circumstances

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External Locus of Control

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we picture that a force outside of ourselves controls our fate

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Elizabeth Loftus & Katherine Ketcham

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Our memories are flexible and superimposable, a panoramic blackboard with an endless supply of chalk and erasers

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Ebbinghaus found what?

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The more times he practiced a list of nonsense syllables on Day 1, the less time he required to relearn in on Day 2/ Speed of relearning is one measure of memory retention

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Stress Appraisal

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The threatening tendency of the stress

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The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on

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Memory

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The process of encoding refers to

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Getting information into memory

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The retention of encoded information over time refers to

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Storage

question

The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of

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Working memory

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Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called

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Effortful Processing

question

Consciously repeating the name of a new classmate you want to remember illustrates

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Effortful Processing

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Implicit memory is to explicit memory as ________ is to ________

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Automatic processing; effortful processing

question

The address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the TV screen, but the image disappears before Sergei has had a chance to write down the complete address. To his surprise, however, he has retained a momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. His experience best illustrates ________ memory

answer

Ionic

question

he ability to retain more information after sleep and to be a creative problem solver has been found to be most closely associated with a large ________ memory capacity

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Working

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Damage to the hippocampus would most likely interfere with a person's ability to learn

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Names of newly introduced people

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Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory

answer

flashbulb

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Words heard underwater are later better recalled underwater than on land. This best illustrates

answer

context-dependent memory

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Because her memory trace has faded, Dr. Jordan remembers much less about the organic chemistry that she once learned well as a medical student. Her memory loss best illustrates

answer

Storage Decay

question

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's phone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

answer

Proactive Interference

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Whenever he feels sexually jealous, David is flooded with painful memories of instances when he thought his girlfriend was flirting with other men. David's experience best illustrates

answer

Mood-congruent Memory

question

In the study led by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled

answer

Broken glass at the scene of an accident

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Many of the research participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

answer

The misinformation effect

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Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that

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It is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories

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To help resolve the controversy over reports of repressed memories of sexual abuse, the major psychological and psychiatric associations suggest that

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adult memories of experiences happening before age 3 are unreliable

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Psychologists define stress as

answer

the process by which we appraise and respond to threatening or challenging events

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One person regards a new job as a challenge, whereas another regards the same new job as a potential threat. These different perceptions best illustrate

answer

stress appraisal

question

In the 1920s, Walter Cannon discovered that stress produced an outpouring of ________ into the bloodstream

answer

Epinephrine

question

Cameron, a 50-year-old electrician, opens his pay envelope and, to his surprise, finds a pink slip inside indicating that he has been fired from his job. Which phase of the general adaptation syndrome is Cameron most likely experiencing

answer

Alarm Reaction

question

The three successive phases of the general adaptation syndrome are

answer

Alarm reaction, resistance, and exhaustion. Correct

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Psychoneuroimmunology is most broadly concerned with how the psychological, neural, and endocrine systems together affect the

answer

Immune System

question

Who is the best example of a Type A personality

answer

Philip, a competitive, hot-tempered corporation president

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To alleviate the stress of losing her job, Alicia enrolled in a work-retraining program that led to full-time employment. Alicia's behavior best illustrates

answer

problem-focused coping

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Dogs strapped in a harness and given repeated shocks that they could not avoid developed

answer

learned helplessness

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Those who perceive an internal locus of control believe that

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individuals can influence their own outcomes in life.

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In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed study programs experience an increase in

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self-control.

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Alex experiences little stress because he expects things to work out the way he wants them to. This best illustrates the value of

answer

optimism

question

Which of the following is most likely to foster stronger immune functioning

answer

social support

question

Aerobic exercise has been most closely linked to a decrease in

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depression

question

The correlation between religious involvement and life expectancy best illustrates the health value of

answer

the faith factor

question

The feel-good, do-good phenomenon refers to the fact that when people feel happy they

answer

are more willing to help others

question

The study of positive emotions, desirable character traits, and enabling institutions is central to the subfield known as

answer

positive psychology

question

During the last half-century, the buying power of Americans has ________ and their self-reported personal happiness has _______

answer

increased; remained almost unchanged

question

Which of the following best explains why, for those who are not poor, more money buys little more than a temporary surge of happiness

answer

the adaptation-level phenomenon

question

Which of the following factors has been found to be clearly related to feelings of general happiness or life satisfaction

answer

having an active religious faith

Chapters 8 & 11 – Flashcards

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