question

embryo

answer

...

question

ovaries

answer

two walnut sized organs located deep inside her abdomen.

question

fallopian tubes

answer

ovaries are drawn into one of two --------- or long, thin structures that lead to the hollow, soft lined uterus.

question

corpus leteum

answer

while the ovum is traveling, the spot on the ovary from which it was released, now called the --------- secretes hormones that prepare the lining of the uterus to receive a fertilized ovum.

question

corpus leteum

answer

if pregnancy does not occur, the ---------- shrinks and the lining of the uterus is discarded two weeks later with menstruation.

question

300 million

answer

the average male produces sperm in vast numbers , an average of ------- a day. in the testes

question

testes

answer

two glands located in the scrotum, sacs that lie just behind the penis.

question

cervix

answer

opening of the uterus

question

fallopian tube

answer

fertilization typically takes place in the

question

ovum

answer

the largest cell in the human body

question

ovum

answer

the ----- is a tiny sphere, but in its microscopic world, it is a giant--the largest cell in the human body, making it a perfect target for the much smaller sperm, which measures a lot smaller.

question

zygote

answer

as the ---- moves down the fallopian tube, it duplicates at first slowly and then more rapidly

question

blastocyst

answer

by the fourth day the zygote forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a ----------. the inner cells, called the embryonic disk, will become the new organism. the outer cells, or trophoblast, will provide protective covering.

question

embryonic disk

answer

by the fourth day the zygote forms a hollow, fluid filled ball called a blastocyst. the inner cells, called the ------- will become the new organism.

question

trophoblast

answer

by the fourth day the zygote forms a hollow, fluid-filled ball called a blastocyst. the inner cells, called the embryonic disk, will become the new organism. the outer cells, or --------- will provide protective covering.

question

implantation

answer

at the end of the first week, the blastocyst begins to implant in the uterine lining. this is called -------

question

period of the embryo

answer

the ------------------- lasts from implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy. during these brief six weeks, the groundwork is laid for all body structures and organs.

question

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

answer

during the period of the embryo, in the first week of the period the embryonic disk forms three layers of cells 1) the -------- which will become the nervous system and skin, 2) the --------- from which will develop the muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, and other internal organs. and 3)the -------- which will become the digestive system, lungs, urinary tract, and glands. these three layers give rise to all parts of the body.

question

neural tube

answer

in the period of the embryo, at first the nervous system develops fastest. the ectoderm folds over to form the --------- or primitive spinal cord.

question

nervous system

answer

in the period of the embryo the ------ develops the fastest

question

neurons

answer

during the period of the embryo, growth continues rapidly. the eyes, ears, nose, jawm and neck form. tiny buds become arms, legs, fingers, and toes,. internal organs are more distinct--the intestines grow, the heart develops separate chambers, and the liver and spleen take over production of blood cells so that the yolk sac is no longer needed. at 7 weeks, production of -------- or nerve cells that store and transmit information, begins deep intide the neural tube at an astounding pace.

question

second month

answer

which month can the embryo sense its world? and respond to touch?

question

mouth, feet

answer

at the end of the second month during the embryo period, the baby responds to touch, in the mouth area and on the soles of the feet.

question

true

answer

during second month of period of the embryo, it can move, but its tiny flutters are still too light to be felt by the mother. true or false?

question

sensitive period

answer

a ----------- is a limited time span in which a part of the body or a behavior is biologically prepared to develop rapidly and is especially sensitive to its surroundings. if the environment is harmful, then damage occurs, and recovery is difficult and sometimes impossible.

question

embryonic period

answer

the most harm can be done during this period its the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down.

question

period of the zygote

answer

sensitive period in which before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. if they do, the tiny mass of cells is usually so damaged that it dies.

question

fetal period

answer

with regard to sensitive periods, its during the --------- that teratogenic damage is usually minor. organs liek the brain, ears, eyes, teeth, and genitals can still be strongly affected.

question

sensitive

answer

each organ or structure has a ----------- during which its development may be disturbed.

question

zygote

answer

1-2 weeks, the one celled organism multiplies and forms a blastocyst. the blastocyst burrows in to the uterine lining. structures that feed and protect the developing organism begin to form-amnion, chorion, yolk sac, placenta, and umbilical cord.

question

embryo

answer

weekks 3-4, 5-8 a primitive brain and spinal cord appear. heart, muscles, ribs, backbone, and digestive tract begin to develop. many external body structures like face, arms, legs, toes, fingers, and internal organs form. the sense of touch begins to develop and the embryo can move.

question

fetus

answer

weeks 9-12, rapid increase in size begins. nervous system, organs, and muscles become organized and connected, and new behavioral capacities like kicking, thumb sucking, mouth opening, and rehearsal of breathing appear. external genitals are well-formed, and the fetus's sex is evident.

question

second trimester

answer

weeks 13-24

question

first trimester

answer

the trimester encompassing the zygote and embryo and fetus

question

second trimester

answer

13-24 weeks, the fetus continues to enlarge rapidly. in the middle of this period, fetal movements can be felt by the mother. vernix and lanugo keep the fetus's skin from chapping in the amniotic fluid. most of the brains neurons are in place by 24 weeks. eyes are sensitive to light, and the fetus reacts to sound.

question

24 weeks

answer

most of the babys brains neurons are in place by ------- weeks

question

third trimester

answer

weeks 25-30, the fetus has a good chance of survival if born during this time. size increases, lungs mature. rapid brain development causes sensory and behavioral capacities to expand. in the middle of this period, a layer of fat is added under the skin. antibodies are transmitted from mother to fetus to protect against disease. most fetuses rotate into an upside-down position in preparation for birth.

question

embryonic disk

answer

the cells on the inside, called the -------- will become the new organism.

question

implantation

answer

between the seventh and ninth days ------- occurs. the blastocyst burrows deep into the uterine lining. at first, the trophoblast, the protective outer layer, multiplies fastest. it forms a membrane called the amnion, that encloses the developing organism in amniotic fluid, which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the womans movement.

question

amnion

answer

the blastocyst in implantation burrows into uterine lining. the trophoblast multiplies fastest and forms a membrane called the --------

question

amniotic fluid

answer

the amnion encloses the developing organism in ------- which helps keep the temperature of the prenatal world constant and provides a cushion against any jolts caused by the womans movement.

question

third month

answer

the heartbeat can be heard through a stethoscope during the

question

two trimesters

answer

when women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, especially during the first ----------, their babies are at risk for a wide variety of difficulties, including miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illnesses, colic, sleep disturbances, irritability during the first three years.

question

miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, infant respiratory and digestive illnesses, colic, sleep issues, irritability

answer

when women experience severe emotional stress during pregnancy, especially first two trimesters, their babies are at risk for a wide variety of difficulties, including --------, -------, --------, --------, --------, -------, ---------., and ---------.

question

epinephrine, cortisol

answer

when mom undergoes emotional stress, stress hormones released into our bloodstream like ----- and ---- known as the fight or flight hormones, cause us to be poised for action.

question

oxygen, nutrients

answer

when mom undergoes emotional stress, cortisol and epinephrine are released into our bloodstream and cause us to be poised for action. large amounts of blood are sent to parts of the body involved in the defensive response---the brain, heart, and muscles in the arms, legs, and trunk. blood flow to other organs, including the uterus, is reduced, so the fetus is deprived of a full supply of ------- and ---------

question

heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose, activity level

answer

maternal stress hormones also cross the placenta, causing a dramatic rise in fetal stress hormones and therefore in fetal ----------, ----------, --------- and ------------.

question

placenta, neurological functioning

answer

maternal stress hormones cross the -------. also, esxcessive fetal stress may permanently alter fetal -----------, thereby heightening stress reactivity in later life.

question

cortisol, high, low

answer

in several studies, infants and children of mothers who experienced severe prenatal anxiety displayed ----- levels that were either abnormally ----- or abnormally -------. both of which signal reduced physiological capacity to manage stress.

question

immune system, infectious disease, behavioral, anxiety, short attention, anger, aggression, overactivity, lower mental test scores

answer

maternal emotional stress during pregnancy predicts childhood weakened ----------- functioning and increased susceptibility to ------------. it is also associated with diverse negative ------ outcomes in childhood and adolescence such as -------, --------- span, --------, -----------, ----------- and ------.

question

social support

answer

stress related prenatal complications are greatly reduced when mothers have partners, other family members, and friends who offer --------. the impact of this is strong for low income women, who often lead highly stressful lives.

question

teratogen

answer

this refers to any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period. it depends on four factors.

question

dose, heredity, negative influences, age

answer

the harm done by teratogns depends on four factors. -----, ------. ------- and -----. inj the first factor, larger doses over longer time periods usually have more negative effects. the second factor, ----- the genetic makeup of the mother and the developing organism plays an important role. some individuals are better able than others to withstand harmful environments. the third factor, -------- the presence of several negative factors at once, such as additional teratogens, poor nutrition, and lack of medical care, can worsen the impact of a harmful agent. the fourth factor, or --------. the effects of teratogens vary with the age of the organism at the time of exposure.

question

poor nutrition, medical care

answer

with the third factor influencing teratogens, its other negative influences. in this there are additional teratogens like ------- and ------- that can worsen the impact of a harmful agent.

question

embryonic period

answer

in the period of the zygote, before implantation, teratogens rarely have any impact. if they do, the tiny mass of cells is usually so damaged that it dies. the -------- is the time when serious defects are most likely to occur because the foundations for all body parts are being laid down. during the fetal period teratogenic damage is usually minor. organs like the brain, ears, eyes, teeth, genitals can still be affected.

question

thalidomide

answer

sedative when taken by mothers 4 to 6 weeks after conception, it produced gross deformities of the embryos arms and legs, and less frequently damage to the ears, heart, kidneys and genitals.

question

intelligence, central nervous system,

answer

when moms took thalidomide during pregnancy, the kids grew older and many scored below average in --------, and experts believe the drug damaged the -------- directly, or the child-rearing conditions of these severely deformed kids impaired their intellectual development.

question

DES

answer

another drug prescribed to prevent miscarriages. these kids showed an unusually high rates of cancer of the vagina, malformations of the uterus and infertility. men were at risk of genital abnormalities and cancer of the testes.

question

accutane

answer

currently the most widely used potent teratogen is a vitamin a derrivative called ------. its used to treat severe acne and taken by hundreds of thousands of women of childbearing age in western world. exposure during first trimester results in ear, eye, skull, brain, heart and immune system abnormalities.

question

first trimester

answer

exposure to accutane during the ----- results in ear, eye, skull, etc abnormalities.

question

two methods

answer

accutane warms users to avoid pregnancy by using ----- of birth control, but most do not do this.

question

placental barrier

answer

any drug with a molecule small enough to penetrate the ------------- can enter the embryonic or fetal bloodstream.

question

low weight, death, motor develiopment, lower intelligence

answer

studies suggest that aspirin use is linked to -------, infant ----- around birth time, poorer ------, and -------- scores in early childhood.

question

low birth weight

answer

caffeine doses increase the risk of -----------

question

premature delivery, respiratory distress, high blood pressure

answer

persistent intake of antidepressant medication is linked to ---------, and birth complications including ---------------, and to -------------- in infancy.

question

cocaine, heroin

answer

a lot of pregnant women use mood altering drugs suhc as ------- a dn -------. the babies born to users of these drugs are at risk for a wide variety of problems including prematurity, low birth weight, physical defects, breathing difficulties, and death around time of birth. infants are born addicted to drugs.

question

prematurity, birth weight, physical defects, breathing issues, death

answer

babies born to users of coke and heroin have issues like -------, low -------, --------- and -------- and -------- around time of birth.

question

addicted

answer

babies of addict motehrs are born ------- to drugs.

question

shrill

answer

drug addicted babies are feverish, irritable, issues with sleep and cries are abnormally -----.

question

constricts

answer

cocaine ---- the blood vessels, causing oxygen delivered to the developing organism to fall for fifteen minutes after a high dose.

question

neurons, chemical balance

answer

cocaine can alter the production and functioning of ------- and the --------- in the fetus's brain.

question

perceptual, motor, attention, memory, language, impulse

answer

cocaine babies have -----, -------., -------. -------. -------. and ----- control issues.

question

small head size, attention, memory, achievement, impulsive, overractive, depression, agression

answer

marijuana has been linked to ------, -------. ---------. and academic ------ difficulties, ------- and ------- and ------ as well as --------- in kids and teens.

question

low birth weight

answer

prenant women smoke and the best known prenatal effect of smoking is -------.

question

misscarriage, prematurity, cleft lip and plalate, blood vessel, heart rate, breathing, death, asthma, cancer

answer

when pregnant moms smoke there is increase in -----., -----.,--------- , ---- abnormalities, impaired ----------, and ------- during sleep, infant ------- and ---- and -------- later in childhood also increases.

question

attentive, muscle tension, colic

answer

newborns of smoking moms also display slight behavioral abnormalities. they are less ------- to sounds, display -------- and are more excitable when touched and visually stimulated, and have -----.

question

attention, impulsivity, overactivity, memories, mental, disruptive, aggressive

answer

some studies report that prenatally exposed kids and teens tend to have shorter ------ spans, difficulties with -------- and ---------, poorer ---------, lower ------ test scores, and higher levels of -------, ------- behavior.

question

constricts, blood flow, placenta

answer

how does smoking harm the fetus? nicotine ------ blood vessels, lessens -------- to the uterus, and causes the ------- to grow abnormally.

question

nutrients, carbon monoxide, growth

answer

nicotine reduces the transfer of -------, so the fetus gains weight poorly also nicotine raises the concentraition of ----- in the bloodstreams of both mother and fetus. because carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from red blood cells, it can cause damage to the central nervous system and slow body ------.

question

passive smokers

answer

pregnant women can be -------- as well because husbands, relatives friends use cigarettes. its also related to low birth weight, death, child respiratory illnesses, and long term attention, learning, behavior issues.

question

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

answer

a term that encompasses a range of physical, mental and behavioral outcomes caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. children with fasd are given one of three diagnoses which vary in severity. either fetal alcohol syndrom, partial fetal alcohol syndrome, or alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder.

question

fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

fas, distinguished by slow physical growth, a pettern of three facial abnormalities short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, a smooth or flat philtrum or indentation running from the bottom of the nose to the center of the upper lip, and brain injury, evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning-for example, memory, language, adn comunication, attention span and activity level, planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. other defects-of the eyes, ears, nose, throat, heart, genitals, urinanry tract, or immune system, may also be present. mothers with kisd that have this drink heavily throughout pregnancy.

question

short eyelid openings, thin upper lip, smooth philtrum, brain injury

answer

FAS is distinguished by a pattern of three facial abnormalities such as ---------, a ---------, a ------------, and a ------ which is evident in a small head and impairment in at least three areas of functioning.

question

three, memory, language, communication, defects

answer

with kids with FAS they have brain injury and impairment in at least -------- areas of functioning such as ------, -------- and -----, or attention span, activity level, planning and reasoning, motor coordination, or social skills. other ------ of the eyes, ears, nose throat, heart, genitals, urinary tract or immune system may also be present.

question

partial fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

characterized by two of the three facial abnormalities in FAS such s short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, smooth philtrum. these people have brain injury, again evident in at least three areas of impaired functioning. mothers of kids with pfas generally drank alcohol in smaller quantities, and kids defects vary with the timing and length of alcohol exposure. paternal alcohol use around the time of conception can alter gene expression, contributing to symptoms.

question

two, three

answer

kids with partial fetal alcohol syndrome have ----- of the three facial abnormalities present in FAS such as short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, smooth philtrum. they also have brain injury which is evident in at least ------ areas of impaired functioning.

question

timing, length

answer

kids with pfas their defects vary with the ---- and ---- of alcohol exposure.

question

alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder

answer

ARND, in which at least three areas of mental functioning are impaired, despite typical physical growth and absence of facial abnormalities. prenatal alcohol exposure, though confirmed, is less pervasive than in FAS.

question

three, facial abnormalities

answer

alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder is a disorder in which at least -------- areas of mental functioning are impaired despite typical physical growth, and absence of -------.

question

physical size, impairment

answer

even when provided with enriched diets, fas babies fail to catch up in ---------- during childhood. mental -------- associated with all three fasd diagnoses is also permanent.

question

motor coordination, information processing, reasoning, intelligence.

answer

the more alcohol a pregnant woman consumes, the poorer the childs ----------, speed of ---------- and ---------and achievement test scores during the preschool and school years.

question

attention, motor coordination, performance, law, social, sexual, alcohol, drug, depression, stress

answer

in adolescence and early adulthood, fasd is associated with persisting ---------- and ------------ deficits, poor school --------, trouble with the --------, inappropriate ------- and ------- behaviors, ------ and ------ abuse, --------- and high emotional reactivity to -----.

question

production, migration

answer

alcohol produces its effects by interfering with ----- and ------ of neurons in the primitive neural tube.

question

brain size, damage, abnormalities,

answer

when babies moms drink alcohol, brain imaging research reveals reduced ---------, ------- to many brain structures, and ------ in brain functioning including transferring messages from one part of the brain to another.

question

oxygen, cell growth

answer

when mom drinks while pregnant. the body uses large quantities of oxygen to metabolize alcohol. a pregnant womans heavy drinking draws away ------- that the developing organim needs for --------.

question

head, body growth

answer

even when moms mildly drink during pregnancy its associated with reduced ------- size, and --------- among kids followed into adolescnce.

question

miscarriage, growth, brain

answer

radiation causes mutation to genes, exposure to radiation can cause -----, slow physical --------, slow ------- growth. in an xray they cover up the reproductive organs.

question

mutation

answer

radiation causes -------- to genes

question

swordfish, tuna, shark , mercury

answer

prengant women are wise to avoid eating long-lived predatory fish such as -----, ------ and -------- which are heavily contaminated with -------.

question

neurons, damage

answer

high levels of prenatal mercury exposure disrupt production and migration of -------- causing widespread brain damage.

question

cognitive, motor, attention, verbal

answer

prenatal mercury exposure from maternal seafood diets predicts deficits in speed of --------- processing, and ------, ------- and -------- test performance during the school years.

question

lead

answer

this is present in paint flaking off the walls of old buildings and in certain materials used in industrial occupations.

question

prematurity, low birth weight, damage, defects

answer

high levels of prenatal lead exposure are related to -------, ----------, brain ------, and other physical --------.

question

mental, motor

answer

babies with low level exposure to lead show slightly poorer ----- and ------ development.

question

rubella

answer

more than fifty percent of infants whose mothers become ill during the embryonic period, show deafness, eye cataracts, heart, genital, urinary, and intestinal defects, and mental retardation. infection during the fetal period is less harmful, but low birth weight, hearing loss, and bone defects may still occur. the organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella often leads to severe mental illness, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and thyroid and immune system dysfunction in adulthood.

question

deafness, cataracts, heart, genital, urinary, intestinal, retardation

answer

rubella kids with parents who had rubella during embryonic period show -----, eye ------, ------, ------, ---- and ------ defects and mental --------.

question

fetal period

answer

infection of rubella during the -------- is less harmful

question

low birth weight, hearing, bone

answer

rubella infection during hte fetal period is less harmful but -------, ------ loss and ------- defects may still occur.

question

mental, diabetes, cardiovascular, thyroid, immune

answer

the organ damage inflicted by prenatal rubella often leads to severe ------ illness, -------,---------- disease, and ----- and ------------system dysfunction in adulthood.

question

vaccination

answer

rubella ----------- in infancy and childhood has made new rubella outbreaks unlikely in industrialized nations.

question

africa, asia

answer

rubella breaks out often in ---- and ------

question

hiv

answer

this disease which can lead to aids, a disease that can destroy the immune system, has infected increasing numbers of women over the past three decades. in south africa , nearly thirty percent of all pregnant women are hiv positive.

question

aids

answer

this is a disease that can destroy the immune system, it progresses rapidly in infants with most becoming ill by six months, and nearly half dying by age one.

question

antiretroviral drug therapy

answer

--------- reduces prenatal aids transmission by as much as 95 percent. but these arent widely available in impoverished regions of the world.

question

herpes

answer

the developing organism is especially sensitive to the family of ---- viruses for which no vaccine or treatment exists.

question

cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex 2

answer

the baby is especially sensitive to --- and ----- in the herpes family. the first, ---------- is the most frequen prenatal infection, transmitted through respiratory or sexual contact. the second, --------- is sexually transmitted. these two are esp dangerous. in both the virus invades the mothers genital tract, infecting babies either during pregnancy or at birth

question

toxoplasmosis

answer

caused by a parasite found in many animals, can affect pregnant women who eat raw or undercooked meat, or from contact with the feces of infected cats. if it strikes during the first trimester, it is likely to cause eye and brain damage. later infection is linked to mild visual and cognitive impairments. expectant mothers can avoid ---------- by making sure the meat they eat is well cooked, and having pets checked for the disease, and turning over the care of litter boxes to other family members.

question

eye, brain, first trimester, mild

answer

when moms have toxoplasmosis, if it strikes during the --------, it is likely to cause ----- and ----- damage. later infection is liked to ---- visual and cognitive impairments.

question

25-30

answer

during the prenatal period, when kids are growing more rapidly than at any other time, they depend totally on their mother for nutrients. a healthy diet that results in a weight gain of ----- to ----- pounds helps ensure health for mom and baby.

question

central nervous system, brain

answer

prenatal malnutrition can cause serious damage to the ------. the poorer the moms diet, the greater the loss in ------ weight, esp if malnutrition occured during the last trimester, when the brain is increasing rapidly in size.

question

last trimester

answer

prenatal malnutrion esp affects the babys brain weight during the -------.

question

liver, kidney, pancreas, cardiovascular system

answer

an inadequate diet during pregancy can distort the structure of teh --------, -------, -------- and -------- resulting in lifelong health problems.

question

folic acid

answer

vitamin mineral enrichment is important. taking a --------supplement around the time of conception reduces by more than 70 percent abnormalities of the neural tube.

question

rh factor incompatibility

answer

when inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, serious problems sometimes result. the most common cause of these difficulties is -------. when the mother is rh negative (lacks the rh blood protein) and the father is rh positive -has the protein, the baby may inherit the fathers rh positive blood type. if even a little of a fetus's rh positive blood crosses the placenta into the rh negative mothers bloodstream, she begins to form antibodies to the foreign rh protein. if these enter the fetus's system, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues. misscariage, mental retardation, heart damage, and infant death can occur.

question

rh negative, positive, blood, antibodies

answer

when the mother is -------, and the father is rh positive, the baby may inherit the fathers rh -------blood type. if a little of the fetus;s ---- crosses the placenta into the rh negative mothers bloodstream, she begins to form ------ to the foreign rh protein.

question

red blood cells, oxygen

answer

if the rh antibodies from mom enter fetuses system, they destroy --------, reducing the ------- supply to organs and tissues.

question

misscariage, retardation, heart damage, infant death

answer

when rh negative mom, rh positive dad and rh positive baby. when baby gets the rh antibodies from mom, they destroy red blood cells, reducing the oxygen supply to organs and tissues. --------, -------- ---------- and ------- can occur.

question

additional

answer

it takes time for the mother to produce rh antibodies so firstborn kids are rarely affected. the danger increases with each ------ pregnancy.

question

vaccine

answer

rh incompatibility can be prevented in most cases. after the birth of each rh positive baby, rh negative mothers are given a ------- to prevent the buildup of antibodies.

question

three

answer

there are ----- stages of childbirth

question

dilation and effacement of the cervix

answer

the first stage of childbirth is called -----------. this is the longest stage of labor, lasting an average fo 12 to 14 hours with a first birth and 4 to 6 hours with later births. contractions of the uterus gradually become more frequent and powerful, causing the cervix or uterine opening, to widen and thin to nothing, forming a clear channel from the uterus into the birth canal, or vagina.

question

12-14, 4-6

answer

with first stage of childbirth, it lasts an avg of ------- hours, and ------- with later births.

question

delivery of the baby

answer

the second stage of childbirth, much shorter, lasting about fifty minutes for a first birth and 20 mins in later births. strong contractions of the uterus continue, but the mother also feels a natural urge to squeeze and push with her abdominal muscles. as she does so with each contraction, she forces the baby down and out.

question

50, 20

answer

the second stage of childbirth, the delivery stage lasts ------- for a first birth and ----- mins in later births.

question

delivery of placenta

answer

the third stage of childbirth labor comes to an end with a few final contractions and pushes. these cause the placenta to separate from the wall of the uterus and be delived in about 5 to 10 mins.

question

5-10

answer

delivery of placenta takes ------ mins.

question

transition

answer

this is in stage 1, this is reached when the frequency and strenght of the contractiosn are at their peak and the cervix opens completely.

question

pushing

answer

stage 2, with each contraction, the mother pushes, forcing the baby down the birth canal, and the head appears.

question

birth

answer

near the end of stage 2 the shoulders emerge, folllowed quickly by the rest fo the babys body

question

apgar scale

answer

infants who have difficulty making the transition to life outside the uterus require special help at once. to assess the newborns physical condition quickly, doctors and nurses use the --------. a rating of 0, 1 or 2 on each of five characteristics is made at 1 min and again at 5 mins after birth. a combined apgar score of 7 or better indicates that the infant is in good physical condition. if the score is between 4 and 6, the baby needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs. if the score is 3 or below, the infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical attention. two apgar rationgs are given because some babies have issues adjusting at first but do quite well after a few mins.

question

heart rate, respiratory rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone, color

answer

what are the five things rated on the apgar scale?

question

1, 5

answer

a ration of 0, 1 or 2 on each five characteristics is made --- min and again at ---- after birth. apgar

question

7, 4, 6, 3

answer

this rating indicates kid is in good physical condition. on apgar. if score is between ----- and ------ the baby needs assistance in establishing breathing and other vital signs. if the score is ----- or below, the infant is in serious danger and requires emergency medical help.

question

natural childbirth

answer

a group of techniques aimed at reducing pain and medical intervention and making childbirth a rewarding experience. most of these programs draw on methods developed by grantly dick reed. physicians recognized that cultural attitudes had taught women to fear the birth experience. an anxious frightened woman in labor tenses muscles, turning the mild pain that sometimes accompanies strong contractions into intense pain.

question

classes, relaxation and breathing, labor coach

answer

in a typical natural childbirth program, the expectant mother and a companion participate in three activities. including ------, ----- and ----------- techniques and they have a ------.

question

classes, relaxation, breathing , labor coach

answer

in a typ natural childbirth program they take ------. they learn about the anatomy and physiology of labor and delivery. knowledge about the process reduces fear. they also involved in ---------- and ---- techniques in which during each class, the woman is taught relaxation and breathing excercises aimed at counteracting the pain of uterine contractions,. finally they have a ------. it can be the husband who learns to help the wife during childbirth by reminding her to relax and breathe, massaging her back, supporting her body, offering encouragement.

question

social support

answer

------ is very imporant in the success of natural childbirth

question

fetal monitors

answer

----- are electronic instruments that track the babys heart rate during labor. an abnormal heartbeat may indivcate that the baby is in distress due to anoxia and needs to be delivered immediately. most american births use continuous fetal monitoring. the monitor is strapped across the mothers abdomen throughout labor. there is also the threading of a recording device through the cervix and placing it directly under the babys scalp.

question

heart rate

answer

fetal monitors track babys ----- during labor.

question

cesarean sections,

answer

fetal monitoring is a safe procedure that has saved the lives of many babies in high risk situations. but in healthy pregnancies it does not reduce the already low rates of infant brain damage and death. futher, most infants have some heartbeat irregularities during labor, so critics worry that fetal monitors identify many babies as in danger who are in fact not. monitoring is linked to an increase ni the number of ---------- delivieries.

question

analgesics

answer

drugs used to relieve pain, may be given in mild doses during labor to help a mother relax.

question

anesthetics

answer

a stronger type of painkiller that blocks sensation.

question

epidural analgesia

answer

the most common approach to controlling pain during labor, a regional pain relieving drug is deliviered continuously through a catheter into a small space in the lower spine. because the mother retains the capacity to feel the pressure fo the contractions and to move her trunk and legs, she is able to push during the second stage of labor.

question

uterine contractions

answer

epidural analgesia can weaken -----------, so labor can become prolonged and the chances of c section increase. exposed newborns tend to be sleepy and withdrawn, suck poorly during efeedings and be irritable when awake.

question

preterm infants

answer

are those born severeal weeks or more before their due date. althoguh they are small, their weight may still be appropriate based on time spent in the uterus.

question

small for date

answer

--------- infants are below their expected weight considereing length of pregnancy. some are actually full term. others are preterm infnats who are especially underweight.

question

time

answer

preterm babies are born several weeks before due, theyre small but weight may be appropriate based on ----- spent in uterus

question

small for date

answer

-------- babies have more serious problems than preterm babies. theyre more likely to die, catch infections, and show evidence of brain damage. by middle childhood they have lower intelligence test scores, less attentive, achieve more poorly in school and are socially immature.

question

nutririon

answer

small for date babies probably experienced inadequate -------- before birth. their moms didnt eat properly, placenta didnt function normally, or the babies had defects that prevented them from growing as they should.

question

illness, procedures, hospital

answer

even among preterm babies, whose weight is appropriate for length of pregnancy, just seven more days from 34 to 35 weeks, greatly reduces rates of ------, costly medical -----, adn lengthy ------ stays.

question

physical growth, cognitive

answer

despite being relatively low risk for disabilities, a substantial number of 34 week preterms are below averrage in --------, and mildly delayed in ------ development in early and middle childhood.

question

cesarean delivery

answer

a ------ is a surgical birth, the doctor makes an incision in the mothers abdomen and lifts the baby out of the uterus. forty years ago it was rare. now its climbed a lot.

question

emergencies, breech, anoxia

answer

cesarean sections have always been warranted by medical ------- and in certain -------- births, in which the baby risks head injury of -------.

question

medical control

answer

cesarean sections are getting increasingly common. ------ over childbirth is largely responsible.

question

12 months

answer

how long to recover from c section?

question

kangaroo care

answer

in developing countries where hospitalization is not always possible, skin to skin -------- is the most readily available intervention for promoting the survival and recovery of preterm babies.

question

breasts, chest, incubator

answer

kangaroo care involves placing the infant in a vertical position between the mothers -------, or next to the fathers ------- so the parents body functions as a human ----.

question

oxygenation, sleep, breastfeeding, alertness, survival

answer

kangaroo skin to skin contact fosters improved -------- of the babys body, temperature regulation, -------, ---------, -------- and infant ---------.

question

mental, motor

answer

preterm babies given many hours of kangaroo care in their early weeks compared to those given little or no such care, score higher on measures of ------ and ------ developmetn during the first year.

question

infant mortality

answer

the number of deaths in the first year of life per 1,000 live births its an index used around the world to assess the overall health of a nations children. the us has the most updated healthcare technology in the world, it has made less progress in reducing infant deaths than many other countries. its 28th.

question

neonatal mortality, physical defects, birth weight

answer

the rate of death within the first month of life, accounts for 67 percent of us infant death rate. two factors responsible. the first is serious ---------, most that cant be prevented. the second cause is low ----------, which accounts for the increased risk of blacks and native american babies and is preventable!

question

poverty, healthcare

answer

widespread ----- and weak ---- programs for moms and kids are largely responsible for the infant mortality trends.

question

12 weeks

answer

in the usa the government allows ----------- of unpaid leave for employees in business with at least 50 workers. most women work in smaller businesses, and many who work in large companies cant afford to take unpadi leave.

question

six weeks, 12 weeks

answer

-------- of childbirth leave in the us is not enough. this time period is linked to increased maternal anxiety, depression, marital dissatisfaction, sense of role overload, and negative interactions with the baby. a longer leave of ---------- or more predicts favorable maternal mental health, supportive marital interaction, and sensitive caregiving.

question

universal

answer

in countries with low infant mortality rate, expectant parents need not wonder how or where they will get health care and other resources to support their babys development. the powerful impact of ------- high quality healthcare, generous parental leave, and other services provides strong justification for these policies.

question

reflex

answer

an inborn, automatic response to a particular form of stimulation. they are teh newborn babys most obvious organized patterns of behavior.

question

moro

answer

the embracing relfex, baby flings arms wide and brings them back toward his body.

question

rooting reflex

answer

reflex, stroke babies cheek, turns its head in her direction and opens mouth to suck.

question

grasp reflex

answer

helps baby regain its hold on the mothers body.

question

sucking

answer

if ------ were not automatic our species wouldnt survive for a single generation

question

stepping reflex

answer

the -------- reflex looks like a primitive walking response. it appears in a wide range of situations with the newborns body in a sideways or upside down position, with feet touching walls or ceilings an deven with legs dangling in the air.

question

true

answer

t or f? there is no special need for infants to practice the stepping reflex because all normal babies walk in due time.

question

comfort

answer

caregivers can make use of reflexes for ----- of the baby like givign baby a pacifier.

question

six months

answer

most newborn reflexes disappear during the first --------, due to a gradual increase in voluntary control over behavior as the cerebral cortex develops.

question

cerebral cortex

answer

most newborn reflexes disappear in first six months due to a graudal increase in voluntary control over behavior as the ------- develops.

question

sids

answer

the unexpected death, usually during the night, of an infant under one year of age that remains unexplained after thorough investigation.

question

sids

answer

in industrialized nations, ------ is the leading cause of infant mortality between 1 and 12 months.

question

physical

answer

sids victims usually show ----- problems from the beginning.

question

prematurity, low weight

answer

sids babies reveal higher rates of --------- and --------- poor apgar scores, and limp muscle tone.

question

heart rate, respiration, rem-nrem

answer

with sids babies abnormal ----------, and respiration and disturbances in sleep-wake activity and in ------ cycles while asleep are also involved.

question

respiratory infection

answer

at the time of death, many sids babies have ---------.

question

brain functioning

answer

many say that impaired ------------ contributes to SIDS

question

learned

answer

between 2-4 months, when sids is most likely to occur, reflexes decline and are replaced by voluntary, ------- responses.

question

neurological weakness

answer

-------- may prevent sids babies from acquiring behaviors that replace defensive reflexes. in result, when breathing difficulties occur during sleep, infants dont wake up, shift, or cry for help. they give in to oxygen deprivation and death.

question

serotonin

answer

in sids babies brains, they continaed an unusually low levels of -------- which assists with arousal when survival is threatened. and other abnormalities in centers that control breathing and arousal.

question

cigarette,

answer

several environmental factors are linked to sids. maternal ------ smoking, both during and after pregnancy as well as smoking by other caregivers, doubles risk of the disorder.

question

arous, respiratory

answer

babies exposed to cig smoke ------ less easily from sleep and have more ------- infections.

question

central nervous system

answer

prenatal abuse of drugs that depress ------- functioning like alcohol, opiates increase the risk of SIDS as much as by fifteenfold.

question

stomaches,

answer

sids babies are also more likely to sleep on their ------ than on their backs and often are wrapped up warmly in clothing and blankets. infants who sleep on stomaches less often wake when their breathing is disturbed.

question

exhaled

answer

babies sleeping face down on soft bedding may die from continually breathing their own ---- breath.

question

smoking, drug, position, bedclothes

answer

quitting ----- and ------ taking, changing an infants ------ and removing a few ------- can reduce incidence of SIDS.

question

back, pacifier

answer

parents are encouraged to prevent sids by putting babies on their --- and give baby a --------. sleeping babies who suck arouse more easily in response to breathing and heart rate irregularities.

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