question

Animal movements depend on

answer

muscle contractions

question

three types of muscles

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smooth, skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles

question

smooth muscles

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control the digestive system and other organs

question

skeletal muscles/striated muscles

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control movement of the body in relation to the environment

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cardiac muscles

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heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles

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what causes muscles to contract

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release of chemicals (acyetalcholine)

question

what are muscles composed of

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individual fibers. recieves info from only one axon but an axon may innervate many muscle fibers

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each axon innervate

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bunch of fibers

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neuromuscular junction

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a synapse between a motor neuron axon and a muscle fiber

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each muscle fiber recieves infrom from

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one axon

question

antagonisitic muscles

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alternating contraction of opposing sets of muscles

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skeletal muscles to excited by_______to contract

answer

aceytlcholine

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a flexor muscle

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flexes or raises an appendage. brings hand toward shoulder

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extensor muscle

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extends an appendage or straightens it.

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skeletalmuscle tyoes

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fast twitch and slow twitch

question

fast twitch

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fibers produce fast contractions but fatigue rapidly. anaerobic.. don't utilize oxygen. quick movements utilize fast twitch fibers. (sprinting_

question

slow twitch

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aerobic. fibers produce less vigorous contraction without fatigue. "pay as you go" use oxygen. go for long periods of time. don't depelete blood supply of oxygen. nonstrenous activity utilize.

question

people have _____ percentages of fast twitch and slow twitch muscles

answer

varying

question

what kind of activities utilize slow twich and intermediate fibers?

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Nonstrenuous

question

what does fluidity of movement depend on?

answer

proprioceptors

question

proprioceptors

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what fluidity of movement depend on. receptors that detect the position or movement of a part of the body.

question

muscle spindles

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proprioceptors parallel to the muscle that responds to a stretch. in muscle fiber. sensitive to stretching. causes contraction of muscle.

question

when does stretch reflex occur?

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when muscle proprioceptors detect the stretch and tension of a muscle and send messages to the spinal cord to contract it.

question

tap on kneecap and reflex.

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strech in muscle. activiating muscle spindle. contracts muscle and lifts knee. (stretch reflex)

question

golgi tendon organ

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another type of proprioceptor that responds to increases in muscle tension. located in tendons at opposite ends of muscle. acts as "brake" against excessively vigorous contraction by sending an impulse to the spinal cord where motor neurons are inhibited.

question

reflexes are:

answer

involuntary, consistent, and automatic responses to stimuli

question

infants have several reflexes not seen in adults. what three

answer

grasp reflex, babinski reflex, and rooting reflex

question

grasp reflex

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grasps objects places in the hand

question

babinski reflex

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extends big toe and fans others when the sole of the foot is stroked

question

rooting reflex

answer

turns head and sucks when cheek is stimulated

question

few behaviors are purely _______ or _______ and movements vary in their ______________

answer

reflexive or nonreflexive... sensitivity to feedback

question

we move faster in response to _____ than when ________

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a stimulus than when we decide on our own.

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ballistic movements

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movements that once initiated cannot be altered or corrected. ex: stretch reflex, dilation of the pupil

question

many behaviors consist of

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rapid sequences of individual movements

question

central pattern generators

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neural mechanisms in the spinal chord or elsewhere that generate rhythmic patterns of motor output. ex. wing flapping in birds

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motor program

answer

referes to a fixed sequence of movements that is either learned or built into the nervous system. once begun the sequence is fixed from beginning to end. automatic in the sense that thinking or talking about it interferes with the action. ex. mouse grooming itself, yawning

question

where is the primary motor cortex located

answer

in the precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe;

question

what do the axons in the precentral gyrus do

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a primary point of origin for axons conveying messages to the spinal cord which generate impulses that control the muscles

question

cerebral cortex

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particularly important for complex actions such as talking or writing. It is less important for coughing, sneezing, gagging, laughing, or crying ( Rinn,

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specific areas of the primary motor cortex are responsible for

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control of specific areas of the opposite side of the body. some overlap does exist

question

the primary motor cortex is active when

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people intend a movement; it "orders" an outcome. ex: like a monkey grasping a food item and eating it

question

posterior parietal cortex

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keeps track of the position of the body relative to the world

question

what is the posterior parietal cortex important for

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planning movement

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what happens to damage of the posterior parietal cortex

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causes difficulty in coordinating visual stimuli with movement

question

. Furthermore, the output of a given neuron influences movements of the hand, wrist, and arm, and

answer

not just a single muscle

question

name the areas where cells are involved in preparation and instigation of movement

answer

prefrontal cortex,premotor cortex, supplementary motor cortex

question

prefrontal cortex

answer

responds to light, noises, other sensory signals that lead to movement. calculates preidictable outcomes of actions and plans movement according to those outcomes

question

premotor cortex

answer

active during prepartation for movement, recieves info about a target, integrates info about position and posture of body; organizes the direction of the movement in space.

question

supplementary motor cortex

answer

organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order; inhibitory if necessary. active seconds before movement

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mirror neurons

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neurons that are active during both preparation of a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or similar movement (or being reminded of it)

question

what are mirror neurons important for

answer

understanding, identifying, and imitating other people. maybe involved in social behaviors. unknown whether they cause or result from social behavior

question

the conscious decision to move, and the movement itself, occurs at____ diff times

answer

two

question

readiness potential

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particular type of activity in the motor cortex that occurs before any type of voluntary movement. begins at least 500 ms before the movement, implies that we become conscious of the decision to move after the process has already begun

question

What kinds of movements does the lateral tract control? The medial tract?

answer

The lateral tract (A) crosses from one side of the brain to the opposite side of the spinal cord and controls precise and discrete movements of the extremities, such as hands, fingers, and feet. The medial tract (B) controls trunk muscles for postural adjustments and bilateral movements such as standing, bending, turning, and walking.

question

cerebellum

answer

structure in the brain often associated with balance and coordination

question

how many neurons in cerebellum

answer

more neurons in cerebellum than inall of brain areas combined

question

what does damage to the cerebellum cause

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trouble with rapid movements requiring aim/timing (clapping hands, speaking, writing)

question

cerebellum is important for the establishment of

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new motor programs that allow the execution of a sequence of actions as a whole (important for tasks that require timing.

question

the cerebellum also seems critical for

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certain aspects of attention, such as ability to shift attention and attend to visual stimuli

question

the cerebellum recieves input from

answer

spinal chord, from each of the sensory systems, and the cerebral cortex and sends it to the cerebellar cortex

question

cerebellar cortex neurons are arranged in precise geometrical patterns:

answer

prukinje cells and parallel fibers

question

purkinje cells

answer

flat parallel cells in sequential planes

question

parallel fibers

answer

axons parallel to one another perpendicular to planes of purkinje cells

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regular pattern allows

answer

outputs of wel controlled duration

question

the greater the number of excited purkinje cells,

answer

the greater their collective duration of response

question

parallel fibers excite

answer

purkinje cells

question

purkinje cells transmit

answer

inhibitory messages to the cells in thenuclei of the cerebellum (clusters of cell bodies in the interior of the cerebellum) and the vestibular nuclei in the brian stem.if they stimulate more Purkinje cells, the message lasts longer.

question

where are the messages then sent

answer

midbrain and the thalmus

question

basal ganglia

answer

group of large subcortical structures in the forebrain

question

what is basal ganglia responsible for

answer

initiating an action not guided by a stimulus

question

what are the basal ganglis comprised of

answer

candate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus

question

caudate nucleus and putaman recieve input from_________ and send output to

answer

cerebral cortex .....globus pallidus

question

what is globus pallidus connected to

answer

thalmus

question

what does the thalmus relay

answer

info to motor areas and the prefrontal cortex. (inhibits thalmus)

question

basal ganglia select a movement to make by

answer

ceasing to inhibit it.

question

the learning of new skills requires involved in the control of the movement.

answer

multiple brain areas

question

basal ganglia is critical for

answer

learning motor skills, organizing sequences of movement, "automatic" behavior, and new habits (driving a car)

question

relevant neurons in the motor cortex also

answer

increase their firing rate; the pattern of activity becomes more consistent as the skill is learned

question

antisaccade task

answer

inhibit a saccade, a voluntary eye movement from one target to another

question

what does performing the antisaccade task require

answer

sustained activity in parts of the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia before seeing the moving stimulus

question

ability to perform this antisaccade task

answer

matures through adolescence

question

Parkinsons disease

answer

a movement disorder characterized by muscle tremors, rigidity, slow movements, and difficulty initiating physical and mental activity

question

what is parkinsons disease associated with

answer

impairment in initiating spontaneous movement in the absence of stimuli to guide the action

question

symptoms of parkinsons

answer

depression, memory and reasoning deficits, loss of olfaction, and other cognitive deficits

question

what causes parkinsons

answer

gradual and progressive death of neurons, especially in substantia nigra

question

substantia nigra

answer

sends dopamine releasing axons to the caudate nucleis and putamen

question

what does loss of dopamin lead to

answer

less stimulation of the motor cortex and slower onset of movements

question

early onset parkinsons is bc

answer

genetic link

question

late parkinsons has

answer

small factor of genetic factors

question

what two actions decrease chance of developing parkinsons

answer

cigarette smoking and coffee drinking

question

what increase risk of parkinsons disease

answer

damaged mitochindria of cells

question

what is the primary treatment for parkinsons

answer

drug Ldopa. precursor to dopamine that easily crosses the blood brain barrier. often ineffective and especially for those in the late stages of the disease

question

What are the negatives about Ldopa

answer

continued loss of neurons and enters other brain cells, producing unpleasant side effects

question

other possible treatments for parkinsons:

answer

antioxidant drugs, drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors or block glutamate or adenosine receptors, neurotophins to promote neuron survival, drugs that decrease apoptosis, high frequency electrical stimulation of the globus pallidus, stimulation of cannabinoid receptors

question

hunningtons disease

answer

neurological disorder characterized by various motors symptoms. affects 1/10000. onset occurs 30-50

question

what is hunningtons disease assocaited with

answer

gradual and extensive brain damage especially in the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and cerebral cortex

question

what are the intial motor symptoms

answer

arm jerks and facial twitches

question

motors symptons progress to

answer

tremors and writhing that affect the persons walking, speech, and other voluntary movements

question

also associated with various psychological disorders:

answer

depression, memory impairment, anxiety, hallucinations, secual disorders, drug abuse, alcholism, poor judment

question

what can identify with high accuracy who will devleop the disease

answer

preymptomatic tests. controlled by autosomal dominant gene on chromosome 4. The higher the number of consecutive repeats of the combination C-A-G, the more certain and earlier the person is to develop the disease

question

CAG repeats in genes-

answer

a variety of neurological diseases are related

question

for a variety of disorders, the earlier the onset

answer

the greater the probability of astrong genetic influence

question

ID of the gene for huningtons disease

answer

led to the discovery of the protein that codes it

question

Mutant form impairs neurons in the brain and future drug therapy may address huntingtin

answer

...

question

where is aceytlcholine released?

answer

neuromuscular junction

question

why can eye muscles move with greater precisian than bicep muscles

answer

eye muscles innervates only three fibers while biceps innervates hundreds

question

muscle only makes one movement:

answer

contraction

question

Damage to prefrontal cortex could be shown through

answer

illogical or disorganized such as showering with clothes on or pouring water tube of toothpaste.

Chapter 8: Movement – Flashcards

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