Chapter 8: Memory and Cognition – Flashcards
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The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on ...
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Memory
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Which measure of memory assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness?
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Recall
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Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definition?
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Recognition
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Which measure of memory retention assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again?
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Relearning
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The process of "ENCODING" refers to ...
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Getting information into memory
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The process of getting information OUT of memory is called ...
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Retrieval
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Using different neural networks to simultaneously encode the sights, sounds, and smells of a remembered baseball game best illustrates ...
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Parallel Processing
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An information-processing model that views memories as emerging from the simultaneous activation of interconnected neural network is known as ...
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Connectionism
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Some information in our fleeting ____ is encoded into short-term memory
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Sensory Memory
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Highly durable memories can often be retrieved from ___ memory into ___ memory.
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Long-term; Working
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The integration of new incoming information with knowledge retrieved from long-term memory involves the activity of ...
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Working Memory
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Conscious rehearsal of what you just heard a friend tell you requires ...
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Working Memory
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Encoding that requires attention and conscious awareness is called ...
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Effortful Processing
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Explicit memories are ...
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Memories of FACTS and PERSONAL EVENTS that can be CONSCIOUSLY retrieved
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Automatic processing most clearly occurs without
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Conscious Rehearsal
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We encode implicit memories by means of
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Automatic Processing
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"Explicit Memory" is also known as ...
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Declarative Memory
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"Effortful Processing" most clearly requires ...
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Working Memory
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Implicit memory is to Explicit memory as ___ is to ___.
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Automatic Processing ; Effortful Processing
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Procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle are typically ___ memories.
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Implicit
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The ability to unconsciously process how many times you checked your e-mail during the past 24 hours best illustrates ...
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Automatic Processing
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A "Momentary Sensory Memory" of visual stimuli is called ___ memory
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Iconic
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"Echoic Memory" refers to ...
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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli
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George Miller proposed that about seven information bits constitutes the capacity of ___ memory.
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Short-term
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A "Mnemonic" is a ...
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Memory Aid
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We are more likely to remember the words "bicycle" "cigarette" "fire" than words "void" "process" "inherent." This best illustrates
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Imagery
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Research on young children's false eyewitness recollections has indicated that ...
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It is surprisingly difficult for both children and professional interviewers to reliably separate the children's true memories from false memories
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Which techniques were used by professional therapists are likely to promote false memories in some patients?
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Guided Imagery Dream Analysis Hypnosis In other words, All of the Above
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By consciously rehearsing in many separate study sessions over the semester the facts you need to learn, you are most clearly taking advantage of ...
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Distributed Practice
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People should avoid back-to-back study times for learning Spanish and French vocabulary in order to minimize ...
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Interference
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During sleep, the brain consolidates information into ___ memory.
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Long-term
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After hearing a list of items, peoples' immediate recall of the items is more likely to show a ___ effect than is their later recall of the items.
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recency
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The inability to retrieve information learned in the past
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Retrograde Amnesia
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Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds just before we fall asleep
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Encoding Failure
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of previously learned information
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Retrograde Interference
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In the study lead by Elizabeth Loftus, two groups of observers were asked how fast two cars had been going in a filmed traffic accident. Observers who heard the vividly descriptive word, "smashed" in relation to the accident later recalled ...
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Broken glass at the scene of the accident
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After reading a newspaper report suggesting that drunken driving might have contributed to a recent auto accident, several people who actually witnessed the accident began to remember the driver involved as traveling more recklessly than was actually the case. This provides an example of ...
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The Misinformation Effect
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Research on memory construction indicates that ...
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False memories of imagined events are more often recalled as something that really happened
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Deja Vu refers to the
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Eerie sense of having previously experienced a situation of event
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Dating partners who fall in love tend to ___ how much they liked each other when they first met. Dating partners who break up tend to ___ how much they liked each other when they first met.
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Overestimate ; Underestimate
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A flashbulb memory would typically be a ...
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Long-term Memory
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The increase in synaptic firing potential that contributes to memory formation is known as ...
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Long-term Potentiation
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Which of the following has been tested for use as a memory-blocking drug?
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Epinephrine
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After hearing a sound of an ambulance, you may be momentarily predisposed to interpret a friend's brief coughing spell as a symptom of serious illness
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Priming
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The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items
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The Serial Position Effect
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The process in which memories registered in the hippocampus are transferred for long-term storage to other regions of the brain
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Memory Consolidation
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A goodnight's sleep is most likely to improve exam grades by supporting the process of ...
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Memory Consolidation
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A lack of conscious memories of your first three years of life best illustrates ...
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Infantile Amnesia
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After watching a happy film, patients happy emotion persisted even though they could not consciously recall the film. These patients had suffered damage to the ...
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Hippocampus
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The "Basal Ganglia" most clearly facilitate the processing of ...
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Procedural Memories
