Ch.8-10: Psychology Flashcards
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4 ways prefrontal cortex growth is evident
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- sleep becomes more regular - emotions become more nuances and responsive - temper tantrums subside - uncontrollable laughter and tears are less common
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3 parts of limbic system
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amygdala- registers emotions especially fear hippocampus- processor of memory, especially locations hypothalamus- producing cortisol and other hormones that activate parts of the brain and body
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age 2 motor skills
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run without falling climb chairs, tables, cribs walk up stairs feed self with spoon draw lines and spirals
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age 3 motor skills
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kick and throw a ball jump with both feet pedal a trike copy simple shapes walk down stairs climb ladders
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age 4 motor skills
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catch a ball use scizzors hop on either foot feed self with fork dress self copy most letters pour juice without spills brush teeth
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age 5 motor skills
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skip and gallop in rythm clap, bang and singi n rythmn copy difficult shapes and letters climb trees, jump over things use knife to cut throw a ball tie a bow wash face, comb hair
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age 6 motor skills
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draw paint with preferred hand write simple words scan a page of print, moving the eye to the appropriate direction ride a bike do a cartwheel tie shoes catch a ball
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what does artistic expression do?
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it allows creativity without anxiety
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2 types of analysis that uncover primary causes of injurt
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- accident autopsy- find causes in microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem - look at stats
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3 levels of injury prevention
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primary: putting measures in place to make injuries less likely secondary: averting harm in high risk situations tertiary: fixing an injury already gotten
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difference between reported and substantiated maltreatment
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reported: 2.7-3.5 million a year substantiated: (verified) 1 in every 80 reported is triple that, they think it is underestimated
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major warnings of abuse
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-repeated injuries injuries that don't fit an accident explanation - fantasy play with themes of violence - slow physical growth - physical complaints - anti social - no friends - impulsive - frequent absence - change of address frequently - expressions of fear when seeing caregiver
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average moves in foster care
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3
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permanency planning
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trying to find a permanent home for a child
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egocentrism
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the piaget term for a type of centration in which a child thinks about the world from only their prespective
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when a boy goes to the barber and gets his hair cut and sees it fall off, he becomes upset, he is showing the concept of
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irreversability
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when a child thinks they have more/ less because something is put in a different manner they are not yet understanding:
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conservation
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vygotskys theory includes the idea of
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young children as apprentices in thinking
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good example of scaffolding
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miriam helps her son ben make cookies. she gets everything ready and reads the recipe while ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them
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theory-theory
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the tendency for preschoolers to make up a reason why the things they see and hear occur
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the main contributing factor that determines whether or not children will pass the tasks to test theory of mind
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brain maturation
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because of "fast mapping", a preschooler:
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learns some words after a single exposure to them
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"I catched two mices in a trap" is an exampel of
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overregularization
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to frateernal twins have grammer that are very different. what could be reasons?
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-tay has a genetic predisposition to language abilities -different gender and speech accelleration in girls - taylor is being exposed to more language interaction
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preoperational intelligence differs from sensorimotor intelligence how?
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preoperations intelligence allows children to think symbolically
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why do kids have trouble thinking logically?
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they tend to focus on a single aspect of an object or situation (centration)
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common example of egocentrism
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coloring and asking mom questions when she is in another room
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vygotsky attributed development to... piaget?
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social activities guided by others -individual discovery
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a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process is
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scaffolding
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vygotsky says the internal dialogue that we have with ourselves is
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private speech
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humans seek answers. what is this concept called
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theory-theory
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kaitlyn visited the city zoo, pointed at a zebra and exclaimed: Look at the horse with stripes" in describing it she used:
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logical extension
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young kids have most trouble describing words which
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express the relationships of places and times
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why do some immigrant children make a language shift?
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parents use child as a spokesperson and interpreter when they deal with monolingual bureucrats
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focus on appearance
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a characteristic in which a young child ignores all attributes that are not apparent
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centration
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focusing on one idea, excluding all others
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static reasoning
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whatever is now has always been and always will be
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animism
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belief that natural objects are alive
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why do children learn from mentors
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-present challenges - offer assistance - add crucial information - encourage motivation
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guided participation
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the process of learning from those who guide their experiences/explorations
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overimitation
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imitating adult actions that are irrelevant, time consuming, or inefficient
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zpd
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zone of proximal development
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vygotsky: what to ways does language advance thinking?
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private speech, social mediation
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how might kids best be questioned for a crime
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ask them what happens possibly with their eyes closed
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theory of mind
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what you think another person is thinking
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when a student asks why, they really just
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want to know more about the situation or thing
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do kids develop theories about intent before they imitate
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yes
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when do kids pass the false belief test
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age 6
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age 2 language
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vocab: 100-2000 word, sentence length: 2-6 words grammer: plurals, nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives questions: whats that?
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age 3 language
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vocab: 1000-5000 words sentence length: 3-8 words grammar: conjunctions, adverbs, articles questions: why?
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age 4 language
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vocab: 3000-10000 words sentence length: 5-20 words grammar: dependent clauses, tags at sentence end questions: why? how? when?
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age 5 language
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vocab: 5000-20000 words sentence length: some seem unending grammar: complex, dependant on what is hear questions: social differences, male female, old young, etc.
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fast mapping
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speedy and imprecise way where kids learn new words by placing them in mental categories according to the perceived meaning
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logical extension
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using a word to describe other objects in the same category
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3 things to promote literacy
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code-focused teaching book reading parent education
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child-centered program
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stress children's development and growth
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teacher-directed programs
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the goal is to make sure the kids are ready to learn in kindergarten
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montessori schools
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emphasize individual pride and acheivment presenting many literacy-related tasks kids needs differ from adults
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reggio emilia
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encouraged kids to master skills that are not usually taught in north america until age seven
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quality day care
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safety adequate space and equipment low child/adult ratio positive social interactions among kids and adults trained staff who stay year after year
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value of head start
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to foster better health and cognition before first grade
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did the recent congressional authorization of increased funding for head star help low income kids
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yes!
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long term gains for kids involved in bilangual ed
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score higher on math and reading acheivment tests at age 10 less likely to be placed in special classes less likely to repeat a grade
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eriksons stage that occurs between 3 and 6
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intiative versus guilt
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why would an angry 5 year old stop herself from hitting another child
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she has developed emotional regulation
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parallel play
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playing the same but not together
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four dimensions of parenting style
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warmth discipline communication expectations for maturity
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children who lack self control are most likely to have parents who are
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permissive
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sara, at age 3, seeing a little boy fall and hurt himself, gets a look of concern, this is probably
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empathy
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how many hours a day on average do US kids spend watching tv
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more than 3
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3 girls start a rumors that 7 year old health is a bed wetter who still uses a pacifier... they are demonstrating:
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relational agression
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boys are more vulnerable to: and girls are to:
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externalizing, internalizing
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the presence of imaginary friends positively correlates with an increase in:
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initiative
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is guilt or shame considered more mature
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guilt
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gilbert is an impulsive child. which of the following is important if he is to develop healthy emotional regulation
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nurturing parents
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alternative to physical punsihment
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induction
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jill plays piano for others but not herself. her motivation is:
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mostly extrinsic
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young kids prefer to play with
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children of their sex
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when is time out most effective
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if the child prefers to be with people
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diana baumrind is known for
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styles of parenting
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most important way children learn to control their aggression is through
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play
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age group that experiences the most physical punishment is
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2-6 years
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intrinstic motivation
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doing it for you
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extrinsic motivation
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doing it for someone elsee
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how are most young children motivated?
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intrinsically
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lepper study about motivation what was the result
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extrinsic motivation undercut the intrinsic motivation
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emphasized controlled emotion in cultures
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us- fear puerto rico-anger china-pride japan-selfishness native american-impatience mexico-diobedience netherlands-eratic behavior
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solitary play
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plays alone, unawar
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onlooker play
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plays alone but notices others
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associative play
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kids interact but not yet mutual
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cooperative play
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kids play cooperatively together
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benefit of rough and tumble play
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helps prefrontal cortex development, kids learn to regulate emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen bodies
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benefit of sociodramtic play
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explore and rehears social roles learn how to explain ideas practice emotional regulation by pretending emotions develop self-concept
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authoritarian parenting
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stern and obedient kids that struggle with externalizing, or being happy
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permissive
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unhappy kids with no self control
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authoritative
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perfect balance
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uninvolved, neglectful
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immature, sad, lonely, at risk of abuse
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kimbro study sshowed
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1 in 5 kids are overweight, which correlated with watching too much tv
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according to kirkorian study
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backgroudn tv decreased play and interaction
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nature theory of morality
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morality is genetic and an outgrowth of natural bonding, attachment, and cognitive maturation
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nurture theory of morality
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culture is crucial, children learn from the values of their community
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empathy versus antipathy
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empathy: understanding of a persons feelings, antipathy: dislike or hatred
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instrumental aggression
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want something they dont have and act without thinking to get it
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reactive agression
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responding to someone else attacking you
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relational aggression
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destroys another child self-esteem and disrupts their social networks
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bullying aggression
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done to dominate someone else
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long term consequences of physical punishment
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risk of school failure and crime
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what is psychological control and what are the effects
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childrens shame and guilt are used to control behavior - depress kids - relationally agressive - anxious
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most common north american punishment
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time-out
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effective time outs
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0ne minute for each year
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5 alternatives to spanking
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1. promote words instead of actions 2. teach emotional literacy 3. catch them being good 4. modeling 5. induction
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empathy statement
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uh oh, bummer dude
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induction
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talking with the child to understand why their behavior was wrong
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sex differences
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biological
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gender differences
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cultural
