ANTH 2351 Ch 1 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Unlock answers
question
What is anthropology?
answer
the study of the full scope of human diversity and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another" (p. 7). The other responses may be studied by anthropologists, but do not fully define the discipline
question
Which of the following terms refers to "the worldwide intensification of interactions and the increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders
answer
globalization
question
Anthropologists who use anthropological skills and insights in efforts to solve contemporary world problems are known as __________ anthropologists
answer
activist
question
Over 60 percent of contemporary anthropologists
answer
work outside the academic world (colleges and universities) in jobs that seek to improve the human condition. Applied anthropologists work in areas such as health, education, housing, environmental protection, historical preservation, and product development. Applied anthropologists can be found in each of anthropology?s four fields ? cultural, physical, archaeology, and linguistics
question
anthropology studies
answer
Anthropology studies the entirety of human and prehuman existence across all places and time periods
question
When did anthropology arise as a scientific discipline?
answer
the mid-1800s as breakthroughs in transportation and communication led scholars to ask questions about similarities and differences between the humans they encountered
question
Augusto the farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call?
answer
Physical anthropologists study human physical forms, past and present. Physical anthropologists are often called upon by local law enforcement agencies to identify discovered bones
question
Anthropology
answer
The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.e full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.
question
Ethnographic fieldwork
answer
A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives.
question
Four-field approach
answer
The use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity: physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology.
question
Holism
answer
The anthropological commitment to consider the full scope of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language, across space and time.
question
Physical anthropology
answer
The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution.
question
Paleoanthropology
answer
The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record.
question
Primatology
answer
The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior. (page 14)
question
Archaeology
answer
The investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts.
question
Prehistoric archaeology
answer
The reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts.
question
Historic archaeology
answer
The exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records.
question
Linguistic anthropology
answer
The study of human language in the past and present.
question
Descriptive linguists
answer
Those who analyze languages and their component parts.
question
Historic linguists
answer
Those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures.
question
Sociolinguists
answer
Those who study language in its social and cultural contexts.
question
Cultural anthropology
answer
The study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together.
question
Participant observation
answer
A key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied. (page 18)
question
Ethnology
answer
The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures.
question
Globalization
answer
The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders.
question
Time-space compression
answer
The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies that transforms the way people think about space and time.
question
Flexible accumulation
answer
The use of innovative communication and transportation technologies to enable companies to be flexible about their production process in order to accumulate greater profits.
question
Increasing migration
answer
The accelerated movement of people within and between countries.
question
Uneven development
answer
The unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization.
question
Rapid change
answer
The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture characteristic of contemporary globalization.
question
Climate change
answer
Changes to Earth's climate, including global warming produced primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by human activity such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. (page 26)
question
In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of
answer
ethnocentrism
question
The dramatic impact of globalization in the past and even more so today is driven by what kind of changes?
answer
transportation and communication technologies
question
What kind of anthropologists explore ancient rift valleys and deep caves looking for ancient landforms with fossils of human ancestors to understand human evolution?
answer
paleoanthropologists
question
What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
answer
language
question
Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalism in which century?
answer
nineteenth century
question
The environmental issues that so concern people like the Marshall Islanders are aggravated by companies taking advantage of lax environmental regulations. What aspect of globalism does this demonstrate?
answer
rapid change
question
Who studies how language changes over time?
answer
historic linguists
question
Archaeology is the study of cultures in:
answer
the human past
question
What type of anthropologist studies people from a biological perspective as well as how humans have evolved over time?
answer
psychical anthropologists
question
What do historic archaeologists have access to that sets them apart from other archaeologists?
answer
written records
question
The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture are characteristic of what dynamic of contemporary globalism?
answer
rapid change
question
The process of diminishing the diversity of the world's cultures as a result of foreign influences inundating local practices, products, and ways of thinking is considered:
answer
homogenization
question
Margaret Mead (1901-1979) was a student of Franz Boas, and her research suggested the powerful role of ________ in shaping behavior, especially behavior that has powerful biological origins.
answer
enculturation
question
Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population by unconsciously shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?
answer
hegemony
question
Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, advocating for which of the following approaches instead?
answer
historical particularism
question
Which of the following is defined as the process of learning culture?
answer
enculturation
question
Which of the following statements about mental maps of reality is false?
answer
Mental maps of reality consist of ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people.
question
An anthropologist's suspension of judgment while attempting to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context is termed
answer
cultural relativism
question
Spatial comfort zones, such as standing too close to a member of another culture, are examples of which of the following?
answer
symbolic actions
question
Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) is credited with crafting the first definition of which of the following concepts utilized in anthropology?
answer
culture
question
humans learn culture
answer
throughout their entire lives
question
Commonplace norms, values, beliefs, practices, and institutions that cultivate the desire to acquire consumer goods to enhance one's lifestyle constitute a culture of:
answer
consumerism
question
Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods worldwide, creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?
answer
globalization
Get an explanation on any task
Get unstuck with the help of our AI assistant in seconds
New