ANTH 2351 Ch 1 – Flashcards
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What is anthropology?
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the study of the full scope of human diversity and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another" (p. 7). The other responses may be studied by anthropologists, but do not fully define the discipline
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Which of the following terms refers to "the worldwide intensification of interactions and the increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders
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globalization
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Anthropologists who use anthropological skills and insights in efforts to solve contemporary world problems are known as __________ anthropologists
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activist
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Over 60 percent of contemporary anthropologists
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work outside the academic world (colleges and universities) in jobs that seek to improve the human condition. Applied anthropologists work in areas such as health, education, housing, environmental protection, historical preservation, and product development. Applied anthropologists can be found in each of anthropology?s four fields ? cultural, physical, archaeology, and linguistics
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anthropology studies
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Anthropology studies the entirety of human and prehuman existence across all places and time periods
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When did anthropology arise as a scientific discipline?
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the mid-1800s as breakthroughs in transportation and communication led scholars to ask questions about similarities and differences between the humans they encountered
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Augusto the farmer encounters several bones while plowing his field and wants to know if the bones are human. Which type of anthropologist should he call?
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Physical anthropologists study human physical forms, past and present. Physical anthropologists are often called upon by local law enforcement agencies to identify discovered bones
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Anthropology
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The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.e full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another.
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Ethnographic fieldwork
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A primary research strategy in cultural anthropology involving living with a community of people over an extended period to better understand their lives.
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Four-field approach
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The use of four interrelated disciplines to study humanity: physical anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology.
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Holism
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The anthropological commitment to consider the full scope of human life, including culture, biology, history, and language, across space and time.
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Physical anthropology
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The study of humans from a biological perspective, particularly focused on human evolution.
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Paleoanthropology
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The study of the history of human evolution through the fossil record.
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Primatology
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The study of living nonhuman primates as well as primate fossils to better understand human evolution and early human behavior. (page 14)
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Archaeology
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The investigation of the human past by means of excavating and analyzing artifacts.
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Prehistoric archaeology
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The reconstruction of human behavior in the distant past (before written records) through the examination of artifacts.
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Historic archaeology
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The exploration of the more recent past through an examination of physical remains and artifacts as well as written or oral records.
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Linguistic anthropology
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The study of human language in the past and present.
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Descriptive linguists
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Those who analyze languages and their component parts.
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Historic linguists
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Those who study how language changes over time within a culture and how languages travel across cultures.
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Sociolinguists
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Those who study language in its social and cultural contexts.
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Cultural anthropology
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The study of people's communities, behaviors, beliefs, and institutions, including how people make meaning as they live, work, and play together.
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Participant observation
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A key anthropological research strategy involving both participation in and observation of the daily life of the people being studied. (page 18)
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Ethnology
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The analysis and comparison of ethnographic data across cultures.
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Globalization
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The worldwide intensification of interactions and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across national borders.
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Time-space compression
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The rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies that transforms the way people think about space and time.
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Flexible accumulation
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The use of innovative communication and transportation technologies to enable companies to be flexible about their production process in order to accumulate greater profits.
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Increasing migration
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The accelerated movement of people within and between countries.
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Uneven development
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The unequal distribution of the benefits of globalization.
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Rapid change
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The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture characteristic of contemporary globalization.
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Climate change
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Changes to Earth's climate, including global warming produced primarily by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases created by human activity such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation. (page 26)
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In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of
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ethnocentrism
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The dramatic impact of globalization in the past and even more so today is driven by what kind of changes?
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transportation and communication technologies
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What kind of anthropologists explore ancient rift valleys and deep caves looking for ancient landforms with fossils of human ancestors to understand human evolution?
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paleoanthropologists
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What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?
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language
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Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalism in which century?
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nineteenth century
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The environmental issues that so concern people like the Marshall Islanders are aggravated by companies taking advantage of lax environmental regulations. What aspect of globalism does this demonstrate?
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rapid change
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Who studies how language changes over time?
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historic linguists
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Archaeology is the study of cultures in:
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the human past
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What type of anthropologist studies people from a biological perspective as well as how humans have evolved over time?
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psychical anthropologists
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What do historic archaeologists have access to that sets them apart from other archaeologists?
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written records
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The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture are characteristic of what dynamic of contemporary globalism?
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rapid change
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The process of diminishing the diversity of the world's cultures as a result of foreign influences inundating local practices, products, and ways of thinking is considered:
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homogenization
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Margaret Mead (1901-1979) was a student of Franz Boas, and her research suggested the powerful role of ________ in shaping behavior, especially behavior that has powerful biological origins.
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enculturation
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Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population by unconsciously shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?
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hegemony
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Franz Boas (1858-1942) rejected unilineal cultural evolution, advocating for which of the following approaches instead?
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historical particularism
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Which of the following is defined as the process of learning culture?
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enculturation
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Which of the following statements about mental maps of reality is false?
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Mental maps of reality consist of ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people.
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An anthropologist's suspension of judgment while attempting to understand a group's beliefs and practices within their own cultural context is termed
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cultural relativism
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Spatial comfort zones, such as standing too close to a member of another culture, are examples of which of the following?
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symbolic actions
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Edward Burnett Tylor (1832-1917) is credited with crafting the first definition of which of the following concepts utilized in anthropology?
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culture
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humans learn culture
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throughout their entire lives
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Commonplace norms, values, beliefs, practices, and institutions that cultivate the desire to acquire consumer goods to enhance one's lifestyle constitute a culture of:
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consumerism
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Which of the following processes is intensifying the exchange and diffusion of people, ideas, and goods worldwide, creating more interaction and engagement among cultures?
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globalization
