American Govmt Soomo Investigations. Ch: 1-8 – Flashcards
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Does it violate the First Amendment right to free speech when a public school suspends a student for displaying a banner that advocates drug use?
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In Morse v. Frederick, what was the question at stake?
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The Court upheld students' constitutional right to free speech in school.
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What was the outcome of the Tinker case in 1969?
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School districts can only limit substantially and materially disruptive speech.
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What was the guiding principle until 1986 concerning the limits of student speech?
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These events led to renewed justification for restricting student speech.
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How did events such as Columbine and 9/11 affect federal court rulings concerning free speech for students?
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what types of student expression fall under the category of true threats of violence
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Which of the following is a gray area that Robert Richards identifies?
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hate speech and drug-related messages
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What kinds of student expression have schools been able to limit?
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Internet and web-based speech
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According to Robert Richards, many cases in the future regarding student speech will primarily have to do with which of the following?
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five in the majority and four in the minority
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How many justices were in the majority and how many were in the minority in the Morse v. Frederick decision?
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The Court upheld the school's restrictions on student speech.
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What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the Morse v. Frederick case?
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Figure this one out yourself, this is your opinion.
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Do you agree or disagree with the decision in Morse v. Frederick? Explain why you think students should or shouldn't have a right to freedom of speech in school.
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Griswold v. Connecticut
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In which case did the Supreme Court first mention the right to privacy?
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The right to privacy is found in the penumbra of the Bill of Rights.
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Where is the right to privacy found in the Constitution?
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The Court ruled that the government cannot violate a woman's privacy in terms of her right to terminate a pregnancy.
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The Supreme Court's decision in Roe v. Wade (1973) built on the Griswold ruling. How did it further define the right to privacy?
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In your personal, private life, you have a right to liberty and the government cannot interfere with that.
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How did the language surrounding the right to privacy change in the case of Lawrence v. Texas (2003)?
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marriage, reproductive choices, sexual activity, and medical treatment
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The Supreme Court cases discussed by Foner apply the right to privacy to which of the following aspects of life?
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The Constitution promises liberty to all within its reach, including rights that allow persons to define and express their identity.
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What does Justice Kennedy write in the opening paragraph regarding the Constitution and liberty?
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The petitioners in the case seek to exercise their constitutional liberty by marrying someone of the same sex and having that marriage recognized as equal to heterosexual marriage.
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According to Justice Kennedy's first paragraph, what does liberty have to do with a person's right to marry whomever they choose?
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Obergefell married his partner in Maryland, where same-sex marriage was legal, but resided in Ohio, where it was not. Thus he could not enjoy the same marriage benefits as opposite-sex married couples and was not listed on his spouse's death certificate.
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Who is John Obergefell, and what happened to him that led his case to be heard by the U.S. Supreme Court?
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The 14th Amendment promises liberty and equal protection.
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According to Justice Kennedy's reasoning, what is the relationship between the right of same-sex couples to marry and the 14th Amendment?
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Gay rights involve both principles of liberty (to engage in intimate sexual conduct in the privacy of the home) and principles of equality (to enjoy the same benefits afforded to heterosexual couples).
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What is the interlocking nature of the Due Process and Equal Protection Clauses when it comes to gay rights, according to Kennedy?
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He suggests gay couples ask for the right to choose whom to love, to marry out of that love, and to find equal recognition for that marriage by the state.
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How does Kennedy invoke the right to dignity in the closing lines of the opinion?
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picketing
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Which of the following protest tactics do you see Alice Paul and the suffragists use in the video?
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to portray the suffragists as bizarre extremists and the National Woman's Party as a creepy cult
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The video opens with a depiction of the National Woman's Party headquarters as a dark and strange place. Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why the filmmakers chose to represent it in this light?
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He is seen watching them, but he does not appear to act immediately.
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When Alice Paul leads the "silent sentinels" picketing in front of the White House, how does the video portray President Woodrow Wilson's response?
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Mott had been prohibited from speaking at the world anti-slavery convention in London.
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What was the impetus for Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott to call together a women's rights convention and issue the Declaration of Sentiments?
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The Declaration of Sentiments claims that "all men and women are created equal," while the Declaration of Independence merely states that "all men are created equal."
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Compare the text of the Declaration of Sentiments to the United States Declaration of Independence, which can be viewed here. Which of the following is an example of a difference between the two documents?
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She wanted to emphasize the parallel between the American colonists and contemporary women as oppressed groups standing up for "self-evident" and "inalienable" rights.
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Which of the following provides the BEST explanation for why Stanton patterned her document so closely after the Declaration of Independence?
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the right to vote
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What is the "first right of a citizen" that has been denied to women, according to the Declaration of Sentiments?
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The government will recognize a woman as a person when it comes to collecting tax money, but not when it comes to representing her rights.
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Which of the following is a gender paradox in American society that the Declaration of Sentiments criticizes?
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Inez Milholland
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Who led the procession of the national suffrage parade of 1913?
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working women and men who supported suffrage
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In addition to suffragist pioneers, which of the following groups were represented in the parade?
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They verbally abused the marchers and sometimes impeded their movement.
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Which of the following BEST describes how the crowds of onlookers reacted to the suffrage parade?
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It infused new life into the women's suffrage movement and renewed public interest in their cause.
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According to the essay, why was this parade so important for the movement at this particular time?
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the Progressive Party
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What was the first major political party to include women's suffrage in its platform?
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They hoped to maximize the amount of media coverage of the event, since reporters and photographers would already be there for the inauguration.
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Why did the parade organizers schedule their demonstration to coincide with the inauguration of Woodrow Wilson?
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They positioned themselves in such a way during their picketing that President Wilson would not be able enter the White House without passing by them.
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Why did the suffragists who picketed the White House call themselves "silent sentinels"?
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President Wilson's disappointingly noncommittal response to their delegation
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What event prompted the "silent sentinels" to picket in front of the White House?
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He claimed he personally believed in their cause, but as party leader, he was obligated first and foremost to follow the orders of his party.
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Which of the following BEST summarizes Wilson's response to the suffragists' plea for presidential support for the passage of the Susan B. Anthony amendment?
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the collective force of a political party
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According to President Wilson, change is effected through which of the following means?
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to protest the fact that her fellow imprisoned suffragists were being fed substandard food
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Why was Alice Paul going on a hunger strike?
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England
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Where did Alice Paul learn to engage in this form of protest?
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They believed that she would hold out for a long time, possibly longer than people expected.
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What did the headquarters of the Woman's Party say about Alice Paul's hunger strike?
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Alice Paul was not afraid to go to extreme lengths in her dedication to her cause and her fellow suffragists.
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Which of the following conclusions about Alice Paul can be drawn from the newspaper article about her hunger strike? Choose the BEST answer.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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Which U.S. Supreme Court case initially established the constitutionality of the doctrine of "separate but equal"?
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the group of African American students attempting to attend Central High School
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Who were "The Little Rock Nine"?
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The NAACP's mission is to ensure the equality of the rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination.
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The speakers in the video describe the role played by the NAACP in the Brown v. Board case. Looking at the NAACP's mission on its website, which of the following BEST summarizes the organization's mission?
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public schools
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The Brown v. Board case focused on racial segregation practiced against African Americans in which of the following places?
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Linda Brown was denied admission to the all-white school, thus allowing the case challenging the "separate but equal" doctrine to proceed.
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What happened when Oliver Brown tried to enroll his daughter in the all-white school?
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The Supreme Court was compelled to hear and decide on multiple cases dealing with segregation at once.
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What was the significance of having a class action suit in dealing with segregation in public schools?
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Because the majority of children chose the white baby dolls and demonstrated anger toward the black baby dolls, the study showed that segregation had the psychological effect of causing children to see blacks as inferior to whites.
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How did the doll test demonstrate that separate was not equal?
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to facilitate implementation of the ruling by sending a strong message of complete agreement
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The Court decided that it was of utmost importance to render a unanimous decision regarding desegregation in the case of Brown v. Board. Why might they have done so?
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the appointment of Earl Warren as chief justice
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What enabled the Court to finally reach consensus on the issue of segregation and the case of Brown v. Board?
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the Equal Protection Clause
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Which clause of the Constitution ultimately rendered the "separate but equal" doctrine unconstitutional?
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Very little had been done to implement the initial decision, and public schools were still segregated.
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The Court met again one year after the initial ruling, in the case of Brown v. Board II, in order to check the progress of desegregation in schools. When they met, what did they find had happened?
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How should we desegregate the schools?
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Read the following case summary for Brown v. Board II. Essentially what question was asked of the Court?
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The Court was taking an active role in overseeing the implementation of a previous decision.
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According to the video, what was unusual about the Supreme Court issuing this second decision in the Brown case?
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seven
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Even though the Supreme Court struck down school segregation in 1954, how many states still had yet to desegregate as of 1970?
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They formed biracial committees tasked with leading the process of desegregating the schools in their respective states.
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How did members of the Nixon administration go about desegregating the remaining states?
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They delegated many of the responsibilities of overseeing desegregation to local community leaders while still providing strong leadership from a position of presidential authority.
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Which of the following BEST describes why the Nixon administration was successful in its push to desegregate the final few states?
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the U.S. House of Representatives
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The term "apportionment" refers to the dividing of seats in which legislative body or bodies?
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the method of equal proportions
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What is the name of the method used to reapportion seats in Congress after each census?
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34,000
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About how many constituents did each member of the House of Representatives represent in 1790?
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646,942
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According to apportionment data (PDF) provided by the U.S. Census Bureau, what will be the average number of people represented in each congressional district as a result of the 2010 Census?
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Montana
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According to the PDF, which state has the highest number of people per representative?
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Ohio
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According to the PDF, which of the following states lost congressional seats as a result of the 2010 Census?
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Texas
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According to the PDF, which of the following states gained congressional seats as a result of the 2010 Census?
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proportional representation in voting districts
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Which of the following does gerrymandering try to prevent?
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The committees just wind up creating new gerrymandered districts that favor their own political parties.
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According to the video, why are bipartisan committees usually "not enough" to prevent gerrymandering? Choose the BEST answer.
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It may still produce results that resemble gerrymandering.
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Which of the following is a drawback of the "shortest split-line method" of voter redistricting?
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Party control is split, with Democrats controlling the NY House.
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Using the 2012 State and Legislative Partisan Composition table (PDF) from the National Conference of State Legislatures, which party controls the New York State Legislature and thus the redistricting process in that state?
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Republicans. They control 21 states.
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According to the table, which party controls the most states?
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Apportionment refers to the process of divvying up the 435 seats in the House of Representatives between all 50 states; redistricting refers to the process of creating the geographic areas each House seat will serve.
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Which of the following most accurately describes the difference between apportionment and redistricting? Choose the BEST answer.
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the legislative branch
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According to Secretary Janet Napolitano, what is the only branch of government that is able to initiate a reform bill?
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a bipartisan group of nearly a hundred members of the House that is focused on finding legislative solutions to immigration issues
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What is the House Immigration Reform Caucus?
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chair of the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Homeland Security
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What is Representative David Price's committee position?
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Labor provided by undocumented workers is an integral part of the U.S. economy.
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According to the video, on what issue do Price, Bilbray, and Lofgren ALL agree?
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Her committee will have primary jurisdiction over consideration and amendment of any bill authorizing immigration reform legislation.
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Why does Representative Zoe Lofgren's position as chair of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Immigration make her important to the legislative process on immigration reform?
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a standing committee
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Both the Appropriations Committee and Judiciary Committee are what type of committees according to the information provided on the page titled "Committees" in the Congress chapter of this webtext?
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The Senate needs at least 60 votes to be able to move forward with a bill, so before investing time to work out the details of their own reform bill, the House leadership needs to see what can pass in the Senate first.
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In the video, why is the House waiting for the Senate to act first on immigration reform legislation?
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The committees that prepare the basic statute have authorization authority; the committees that fund those statutes have appropriations authority.
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According to Rep. Price, what is the difference between authorization authority and appropriations authority in Congress?
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the committee with jurisdiction
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In the traditional legislative process described by Rep. Lofgren, the mark-up or amendment of a bill is done by which group?
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the Senate, because there was an unwillingness to compromise over citizenship issues
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In which Congressional chamber did the 2006 immigration bill fail to pass, and what was the primary reason for its failure according to Philip Kiko?
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Rep. Price emphasizes how cleanly this issue divides across party lines, with all Republicans favoring deportation and all Democrats favoring citizenship, while Kiko argues that the partisanship divide is blurrier than it first appears.
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How do Rep. Price and Philip Kiko explain the role of partisanship as it relates to passing an immigration reform bill?
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Passing a bill is a complicated process that requires consensus, and therefore it's difficult for a bill to become a law.
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What aspect of the legislative process does this video BEST illustrate?
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Controversial issues such as comprehensive immigration reform will be carefully considered and not implemented too quickly.
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Which of the following is one of the advantages of the U.S. legislative system demonstrated in the video?
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Members faced conflicting pressures when evaluating the proposed reforms.
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According to the text, why was Congress slow to act on President Obama's health care reform proposal?
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winning reelection
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Which of the following would generally be considered the PRIMARY personal goal of most members of Congress?
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reciprocity
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Which of the following would be considered an institutional norm developed in Congress?
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Interest groups supply legislators with position papers and memos.
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Which of the following statements regarding interest groups and lobbyists is MOST accurate?
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when there's a crisis
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When, according to George Edwards, is the presidency strong?
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Despite the crisis of 9/11, Bush was not able to convince more Americans to support the war effort in Iraq.
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How does the example of George W. Bush and the Iraq War illustrate Edwards's point?
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Presidents almost always have a hard time moving public opinion.
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According to Edwards, how effective are presidents at moving public opinion?
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consolidating two minor federal agencies into one
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On which of the following issues would it be safest for the president to act contrary to public opinion? Choose the BEST answer.
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understanding and exploiting existing opportunities for change
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What does Edwards see as "the essence of presidential leadership"?
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Congress is highly polarized AND its members tend to be entrenched in their policy views.
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Why is it difficult for the president to change the minds of members of Congress?
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George W. Bush
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In Edwards's view, which of the following presidents was effective in his dealings with Congress?
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He focused on only a few things at a time and exploited the opportunities that arose.
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Why?
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whether to compromise or be assertive
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What does Edwards describe as the "conundrum" for presidents in polarized times?
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speculation that Cuba or the Soviet Union had been responsible for Kennedy's assassination
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Which of the following challenges faced Johnson when he became president?
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how to unite the country
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On the evening Johnson was sworn in as president of the United States, he called Supreme Court Justice Arthur Goldberg to seek his advice on which of the following?
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O'Brien was one of President Kennedy's closest aides, and Johnson wanted his loyalty.
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Who was Larry O'Brien, and why did Johnson want to speak with him?
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friendly and supportive
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Which of the following BEST describes Johnson's relationship with former first lady Jacqueline Kennedy?
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Johnson's affection for Jackie Kennedy was legitimate, but he was also conscious of the political benefits of keeping her close.
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How does historian Robert Dallek analyze the relationship between Johnson and Jackie Kennedy?
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Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone.
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What did FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover tell President Johnson regarding the initial investigation into Kennedy's assassination?
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Hoover wanted Johnson to ride only in bulletproof vehicles.
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What security recommendation(s) did J. Edgar Hoover make in one of the recorded conversations with Johnson?
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Johnson brings up the prospect that all the speculation about Khrushchev and Castro's involvement in Kennedy's assassination could lead to a catastrophic war with the Soviet Union.
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What does President Johnson tell Senator Richard Russell to convince him of the importance of serving on the commission tasked with issuing a definitive report on the Kennedy assassination?
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the way Johnson appointed Russell to the Warren Commission without his permission and then bullied him into agreeing
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Which of the following BEST describes a way in which the phone conversation between Johnson and Russell can be viewed as representative of Johnson's personality?
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He wanted to be able to hold people accountable for the promises they made to him during conversations.
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Why did President Johnson secretly record over 9,000 telephone conversations during his presidency?
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politically shrewd and personally assertive
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Which of the following BEST describes President Johnson's character?
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He begins with a small family farm and slowly transitions to farming with industrial methods, but eventually returns to small-scale organic farming.
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How does the main character's approach to farming evolve over the course of the video?
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The farmer has a certain amount of autonomy over his agricultural decisions.
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What does the video imply about the role of the farmer in determining his production methods?
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to protect human health and the environment
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According to the Department of Agriculture's vision statement (page 2 of the PDF), which of the following is an objective of the agency?
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preserving natural resources and protecting them from climate change The USDA is considered a clientele agency, meaning that its programs are intended to benefit a certain group while that group also works to support the agency. Which of the following BEST describes the clientele that the Department of Agriculture primarily serves?
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Which of the following is a strategic goal of the USDA? (See the Strategic Plan Framework on pages 3-4 of the PDF.)
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American agricultural producers and rural farm communities
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The USDA is considered a clientele agency, meaning that its programs are intended to benefit a certain group while that group also works to support the agency. Which of the following BEST describes the clientele that the Department of Agriculture primarily serves?
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to promote healthful diets among all Americans
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The largest part of the USDA budget is allocated to the Food and Nutrition Service agency. What is its mission?
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the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)
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Which of the following is a program administered by the Food and Nutrition Service agency?
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It must be produced using allowed substances and without excluded methods, and approved by a USDA NOP-authorized certifying agent.
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What are the requirements for a product to be labeled as organic?
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developing the consistent standards that govern how organic agricultural products can be produced
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What is the primary responsibility of the NOP?
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congressional legislation
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Which of the following provides the National Organic Program with its regulatory authority?
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initial planning, proposed rule, public comments, and final rule
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What are the four steps of the National Organic Program's rulemaking process?
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It would probably delay the rulemaking process.
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Considering the rulemaking process, how might controversy affect the approval of a new organic standard?
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to advise the USDA on what substances may be used to produce organic agricultural products
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According to the National Organic Standards Board page, what is the primary purpose of the NOSB?
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a committee of members of Congress and USDA officials
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The membership of the National Organic Standards Board is composed of which of the following?
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Livestock must be under continuous organic management from at least the last third of gestation.
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According to Subpart C of the National Organic Program regulations, what are the origin requirements for raising organic pigs? (See section 205.236.)
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feed grazed from pasture
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According to Subpart C of the National Organic Program regulations, organically raised livestock would be allowed to consume which of the following? (See section 205.237.)
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three years
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According to the FAQ on the certification page, for an existing farm to become certified organic, how much time must have elapsed, at minimum, since prohibited substances were used on the farm?
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The certifying agent reviews the producer's application and the inspector's report to determine if the applicant complies with the USDA organic regulations.
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The organic certification process includes which of the following steps?
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every year
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How often must organic producers be certified?
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Mutual dependencies exist between organic agricultural producers and the NOP; the agricultural producers benefit from standards that help them bring organic foods to market, and the NOP receives expert assistance from agricultural producers in making rules and supporting organic standards.
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According to political scientist B. Guy Peters, clientele agencies rely on a single or a select few interest groups to represent an entire sector when seeking information and advice. As a result, clientele relationships become symbiotic, or mutually dependent. Which of the following BEST explains how the USDA's National Organic Program provides a good example of the symbiotic relationships that exist in clientele agencies?
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to expand access to insurance coverage
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Which of the following is a key provision of the Affordable Care Act?
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by requiring individuals to have insurance
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What is one way the ACA aims to expand access to insurance coverage?
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Massachusetts and Utah
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What two states served as policy "pioneers" experimenting with health care reform initiatives that ultimately became critical parts of the ACA? (See the "State Experiences" section of the document.)
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Massachusetts had already enacted an individual mandate requiring health insurance.
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What was a reform that one state in particular had already tested out before passage and implementation of the ACA?
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online marketplaces for individuals to purchase insurance coverage that will comply with the Affordable Care Act
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What are the health insurance exchanges?
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either the federal government, a state government, or both
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Who runs the insurance exchanges?
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The exchanges will help you determine if you qualify for subsidized health care coverage.
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Which of the following is a benefit of purchasing insurance through an online marketplace exchange?
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It has set up a call center to answer questions from people in states that use the federal exchange.
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To help facilitate a smooth implementation of the ACA, what has the federal government done to assist consumers who are trying to obtain health insurance?
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The implementation of the ACA is more complex because it involves all 50 states and the federal government working together.
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Burke and Kamarck note that two previous major healthcare reforms, the establishment of Medicare in 1965 and the development of Medicare Part D in 2003, might help us know what to expect in terms of the implementation of the ACA. However, they note some critical differences between the implementation of those reforms and the implementation of the ACA. How is the ACA different from the Medicare developments?
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The ACA has a record of almost no Republican support.
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How has partisanship been closely tied to implementation of the ACA?
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Do more people have access to health care as a result of the ACA?
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Page 17 lists eight issues that are described as fundamental to determining if the implementation of the ACA is a success. Which of the following BEST summarizes the central question at the heart of these issues?
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The more states advertise the ACA, the greater the take-up rate, and the fewer uninsured there will be.
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According to the document, a "take-up rate" is the number of people who apply for a government benefit. How is state support of the ACA related to the take-up rate? (See Issue 1 on pages 17-18.)
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Adverse selection refers to the possibility that sick people will sign up for the ACA at greater rates than healthy ones, thus increasing premium costs for everyone.
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What does the term "adverse selection" mean, and how is it related to premium costs under the ACA? (See issue 2 on pages 18-20.)
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Successful implementation of the Affordable Care Act largely depends on many players complying with the law and working together across partisan lines.
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According to the Conclusion on page 25, how is a policy's internal architecture and external environment related to successful implementation?
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judges whose terms were set to expire at midnight on the last day of President Adams's term
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Who were the "Midnight Judges"?
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He did not want any more Federalists in the judiciary.
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Why did President Jefferson fail to deliver the commissions?
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William Marbury
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Who petitioned the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus on his behalf?
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Marshall worried that President Jefferson would simply ignore the Supreme Court's decision.
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Despite his Federalist sympathies, why was Chief Justice John Marshall hesitant to issue a ruling in favor of Marbury?
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Marshall decided that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it expanded the Court's original jurisdiction to include cases like Marbury's.
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How did Marshall justify his ruling that the Supreme Court could not order Madison to deliver Marbury's commission?
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judicial review
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What precedent did Marshall's ruling establish?
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cases involving a state
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According to Article III of the U.S. Constitution, the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction in which of the following types of cases?
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Congress can make exceptions and regulations to the Court's appellate jurisdiction.
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To what extent can Congress expand or limit the Supreme Court's jurisdiction?
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Marbury had directly petitioned the Supreme Court to issue a writ of mandamus.
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In what way was the Supreme Court exercising its original jurisdiction when it agreed to hear the case?
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if Marbury had shown that the Court was exercising appellate jurisdiction
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According to Chief Justice Marshall's written opinion, under what circumstances would the Supreme Court have been able to issue a writ of mandamus to enforce Marbury's commission?
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It would enable the Court itself to amend the Constitution by issuing writs of mandamus.
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According to Marshall, what would be the implications of allowing the Supreme Court's writ of mandamus authority to stand?
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It interprets laws and the Constitution and settles conflicts between them.
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How does Marshall describe the judiciary's role in government?
