question

Any factor that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic is known as

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determinant

question

Illness due to a specific disease or health condition is known as

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morbidity

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Whether a contaminated food such as tomatoes caused an outbreak of gastrointestinal disease is a simple example of

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a casual association

question

Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and

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health outcomes

question

A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by

answer

Edward Jenner

question

Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe

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black death

question

The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age—is known as

answer

risk

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All of the following are considered ratios except

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time

question

Epidemiologic measures provide the following types of information

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all

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as

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the population at risk

question

According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The incidence rate of asthma (per 100,000) would be expressed as

answer

(C/B) x 100,000

question

According to a national survey of asthma: On May 1, 2010, the number of residents of Oklahoma who had been diagnosed with asthma at any time during their life was A. The population on June 30, 2010, was B. During the same year, the number of new cases of asthma was C. The point prevalence of asthma (percent) would be expressed as

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(A/B) x 100

question

When the incidence rate of a disease increases, the prevalence will

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increase

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The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with the disease is known as

answer

case fatality rate

question

If A equals the number of deaths in 2009 and B equals the population at the midpoint of 2009 and C equals the number of persons aged 15-24, then the crude death rate per 100,000 population would be

answer

(A/B) × 100,000

question

The BRFSS

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all

question

All of the following are considered vital events EXCEPT

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graduation

question

Monitoring cancer trends in the U.S. population over time is a major application of

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registries

question

Using health-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probability of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response is known as

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syndromic surveillance

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Examples of reportable and notifiable diseases include

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all

question

A centralized database for collection of information about diseases such as cancer is known as

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registry

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The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the

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crude birth rate

question

The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 is known as

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general fertility rate

question

The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the

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perinatal mortality rate

question

The type of virus responsible for sending hundreds of children living in the Midwest US to hospitals with respiratory illness in August and September of 2014 is a strain of

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enterovirus

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The exact strain of virus making children ill with respiratory symptoms in an Midwest US epidemic in the fall of 2014 is-

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EVD-68

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When the value of one variable increases and the value of another variable concomitantly decreases, the association is

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negative

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A graphic plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset is a(n)

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epidemic curve

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When the value of one variable increases and the value of a second variable concomitantly increases, the association is

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positive

question

A type of correlative association between an exposure and effect is a

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Dose-response relationship

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The lowest dose at which a particular response occurs is known as the

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Threshold

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The category in a frequency distribution that has the highest frequency of cases is known as the

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mode

question

A type of variable that can have an infinite number of values within a specified range is

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continuous

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With respect to derivation of hypotheses, a type of association in which the frequency of an outcome increases with the frequency of exposure to a factor is known as

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method of concomitant variation

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The time period between initial exposure and a measurable response is known as

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latency

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For which of the following criteria do epidemiologists need to observe the cause before the effect

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temporality

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The web of causation model specifies a type of causal relationship that is

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multifactorial

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The process of defining measurement procedures for the variables used in a study is

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operationalization

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A range of values that with a certain degree of probability contain the population parameter is known as a

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confidence interval estimate

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The ability of a study to demonstrate an association if one exists is known as-

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power

question

In epidemiology, person variables include

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socioeconomic status and race

question

For both males and females, what type of cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality

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Lung and bronchus cancer

question

What factors may be considered when measuring socioeconomic status?

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all

question

Differences in the occurrence of diseases and adverse health conditions in the population are known as

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health disparities

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In epidemiology, place variables include

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localized occurrence of disease

question

Variations in infectious and chronic diseases from one country to another may be attributed to

answer

all

question

Urban diseases and causes of mortality are more likely to be those spread by

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person to person, crowding

question

Increases and decreases in the frequency of a disease within a year or over a period of several years are known as

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cyclic trends

question

Gradual changes in the frequency of diseases over long periods refer to

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secular trends

question

The term that indicates cases of disease that occur in a specific geographic region is

answer

spatial clustering

question

Health events that are related in time reflect

answer

temporal clustering

question

A type of prevalence study in which exposures and distributions of disease are determined at the same time (although the study may only focus on the distribution of disease) is referred to as a

answer

cross-sectional study

question

The generalizability of the findings to the population from which the data have been taken is known as

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external validity

question

The number of live births reported in an area during a given time interval divided by the number of women aged 15 to 44 years in the area is known as the

answer

general fertility rate

question

Studies of the effects of exposure to teratogens have used data from

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birth certificates

question

At the top of the asthma surveillance pyramid is

answer

mortality

question

The number of live births during a specified period such as a year per the resident population during the midpoint of the year is the

answer

crude birth rate

question

The death of a fetus when it is in the uterus and before it has been delivered is known as

answer

fetal mortality

question

The number of late fetal deaths after 28 weeks or more gestation plus infant deaths within 7 days of birth divided by the number of live births plus late fetal deaths during a year is the

answer

perinatal mortality rate

question

What is one of the first steps in presenting data after they have been reviewed for accuracy and completeness

answer

count and tabulate cases

question

All of the following are considered ratios except

answer

time

question

Those members of the population who are capable of developing a disease or condition are known as

answer

the population at risk

question

When the incidence rate of a disease increases, the prevalence will

answer

increase

question

Prevalence measures do not aid in

answer

determining the risk of disease

question

Which factors can decrease an observed prevalence

answer

decrease in incidence, improved cure rates of disease

question

The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with the disease is known as

answer

case fatality rate

question

If A equals the number of deaths in 2009 and B equals the population at the midpoint of 2009 and C equals the number of persons aged 15-24, then the crude death rate per 100,000 population would be

answer

(A/B) x 100,000

question

Which of the following scientists discovered the antimicrobial properties of Penicillum notatum, leading to the later development of the antibiotic Penicillin?

answer

Alexander Fleming

question

A method for providing quantitative measurements of risks to health is known as

answer

risk assessment

question

A stage that takes place during the early phases of pathogenesis and includes activities that limit the progression of disease

answer

secondary prevention

question

Which of the following is NOT considered a use of epidemiology

answer

to provide healthcare services to specific individuals

question

Epidemiology searches for associations between exposures and

answer

health outcomes

question

A vaccine that provided immunity to smallpox was created by

answer

Edward Jenner

question

The ancient Greek who contributed to epidemiology by departing from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks was

answer

Hippocrates

question

The physician who determined that a human disease was caused by a specific living organism and proceeded to develop four postulates to demonstrate the association between a microorganism and a disease was

answer

Robert Koch

question

Which of the following disease outbreaks occurred between 1346 and 1352 and claimed up to one-third of the population of Europe

answer

the black death

question

The probability that an event will occur—an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or by a certain age—is known as

answer

risk

question

Random assignment of subjects to study groups helps to control for

answer

biases due to confounding

question

An erroneous inference that may occur because an association observed between variables on an aggregate level does not necessarily reflect the association at an individual level is known as an

answer

ecologic fallacy

question

Used in case-control studies, a type of indirect measure of the association between frequency of exposure and frequency of outcome is known as the

answer

odds ratio

question

Subjects are classified according to their exposure to a factor of interest and then are observed over time to document the incidence of disease in what type of study

answer

prospective cohort study

question

The ratio of the incidence rate of a disease in an exposed group to the incidence rate of the disease in a nonexposed group is the

answer

relative risk

question

All of the following are advantages of cohort studies EXCEPT

answer

exposures can be misclassified

question

The likelihood of experiencing an adverse effect is called a

answer

risk

question

A plan, or course of action, as of a government, political party, or business, intended to influence and determine decisions, actions, and other matters is known as

answer

a policy

question

A procedure that contrasts the costs and health effects of an intervention is a(n)

answer

cost-effectiveness analysis

question

The adoption of policies, laws, and programs that are supported by empirical health-related data refers to

answer

evidence-based public health

question

The process for identifying adverse consequences and their associated probability is known as

answer

risk assessment

question

The relationship between the amount of exposure and the occurrence of the unwanted health effects refers to

answer

dose-response assessment

question

Which of the following involves the formal adoption of the policies, programs, and procedures that are designed to protect society from public health hazards

answer

policy establishment

question

The ability of a screening test to identify correctly all screened individuals who actually have the disease refers to

answer

sensitivity

question

The ability of a test to identify only nondiseased individuals who actually do not have the disease refers to

answer

specificity

question

The ability of a measuring instrument to give consistent results in repeated trials is known as

answer

reliability

question

A definitive diagnosis that has been determined by biopsy, surgery, autopsy, or other methods and has been accepted as the standard is known as

answer

gold standard

question

The entry and development or multiplication of an infectious agent in the body of persons or animals is known as

answer

an infection

question

The severity of a disease produced by an infectious agent is referred to as

answer

virulence

question

The first case of a disease to come to the attention of authorities is the

answer

index case

question

The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent is known as

answer

herd immunity

question

An inanimate object that carries infectious disease agents is a

answer

fomite

question

An animate, living insect or animal that is involved with the transmission of disease agents is a

answer

vector

question

The likely transmission of SARS during a 2003 flight to Beijing is thought to have been a(n)

answer

airborne infection

question

Foodborne illnesses can be prevented by

answer

Washing hands and surfaces where food is prepared

question

Which of the following is not a zoonosis

answer

measles

question

Determination of the incubation period for a disease outbreak helps to-

answer

Identify possible infectious agents

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