English 1101 – Flashcards
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Rhetorical question
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a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered
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Antecdent
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the word that a pronoun replaces.
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Active voice
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the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb
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verb
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a word that serves as the predicate of a sentence, a content word that denotes an action or a state
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paragraph
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one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas
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essay
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a short piece of nonfiction prose that examines a single subject
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rhetoric
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study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking), using language effectively to please or persuade
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rhetorical criticism
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analyses the techniques employed in a literary work to impose the author's view on the reader
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style
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a way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period
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fiction
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a story that is not true or is made up , a literary work based on the imagination and not necessarily on fact
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non fiction
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writing that tells about real people, places, and events, a true story
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fact
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a concept whose truth can be proved. a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred
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opinion
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a personal belief or judgment that is not founded on proof or certainty. a belief or sentiment shared by most people
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bias
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a partiality that prevents objective consideration of an issue or situation
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stance
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The author's position on a topic: how he/she feels about it.
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paragraph
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one of several distinct subdivisions of a text intended to separate ideas
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thesis sentence
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main idea you are making in your paper
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topic sentence
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a sentence that states the topic of its paragraph
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pre-writing
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The process of getting your concrete details down on paper before you organize your essay into paragraphs. You can use any or all of the following: bubble clusters, spider diagrams, outlines, line clustering, or columns.
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writing
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the activity of putting something in written form
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re-writing
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editing that involves writing something again
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brain storming
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Within the planning act of the writing process, a technique used by a writer or speaker to generate many ideas, some of which he or she will later eliminate.
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free writing
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writing nonstop about anything
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outline
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a schematic or preliminary plan. a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory. describe roughly or briefly or give the main points or summary of
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scratch
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poor handwriting
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informal
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not officially recognized or controlled
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formal
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Following rules or customs, often in an exact and proper way.
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topic outline
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outline consists of key words or phrases, not complete sentences
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sentence outline
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outline in which each main and supporting point is stated in sentence form as a declarative sentence
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revising
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editing that involves writing something again
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editing
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putting something (as a literary work or a legislative bill) into acceptable form. the process of correcting and making changes to your rough draft
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proofreading
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comparing keyed text to the original copy, and correcting errors; one of the editing steps. checking a document carefully for errors or omissions
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audience
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readers
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narration
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the telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse
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description
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the act of describing something
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exposition
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a systematic interpretation or explanation (usually written) of a specific topic
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argument
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a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true, a statement of the meaning or main point of a literary work
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persuasion
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inducement to act by argument or reasoning or entreaty
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unity
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a piece of writing is organized so that all of its parts belong and are well integrated
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organization
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an organized structure for arranging or classifying
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development
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act of improving by expanding or enlarging or refining
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coherence
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quality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle
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transition
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a word or phrase that links one idea to the next and carries the reader from sentence to sentence, paragraph to paragraph.
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chronological order
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the order in which events happen in time
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spatial order
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a text structure that shows where things are
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logical order
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When a writer arranges his or her ideas (or steps in a functional document) in an order that makes sense and is easy for a reader to follow.
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deductive
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a text structure that starts with a general idea and works toward specific ideas
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inductive
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reasoning that begins with specific ideas that lead to a general idea
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logic
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reasoned and reasonable judgment
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valid
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founded on fact or evidence
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logical appeal
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attempting to persuade through appealing to the reader's sense of reason
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emotional appeal
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tries to persuade the reader by using words that appeal to the reader's emotions instead of to logic or reason
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ethical appeal
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When a writer tries to persuade the audience to respect and believe him or her based on a presentation of image of self through the text. Reputation is sometimes a factor in this type of appeal, but in all cases the aim is to gain the audience's confidence. (Ethos)
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credibility
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the quality of being believable or trustworthy
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credentials
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written evidence showing that a person has a right to a certain position or authority
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ancedote
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a brief story or tale told by a character in a piece of literature
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analogy
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a comparison of two different things that are similar in some way
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synonym
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Words that have similar or the same meaning
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antonym
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two words that express opposing concepts
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abstract
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difficult to understand; impersonal; theoretical
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concrete
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adj. based on facts, not on ideas or guesses
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exemplification
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a representational or typifying form or model. A pattern of writing or speaking which is characterized by using one or more particular cases, or examples, to illustrate or explain a general point or an abstract concept.
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process
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a particular course of action intended to achieve a result
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comparison
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examining resemblances or differences
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contrast
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to show differences when compared
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cause
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a justification for something existing or happening
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effect
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the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work
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classification
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the process of grouping things based on their similarities a group of people or things arranged by class or category
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analysis
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a form of literary criticism in which the structure of a piece of writing is analyzed
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definition
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a clear explanation of the meaning of a word or phrase
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negation
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the opposite of the original statement
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objective
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emphasizing or expressing things as perceived without distortion of personal feelings or interpretation
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subjective
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influenced by personal opinion, biased. based on personal experience or feeling, not from external evidence. based on opinion. one-sided.
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denotation
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the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression
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connotation
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an idea that is implied or suggested
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empathy
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understanding and entering into another's feelings
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sympathy
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an inclination to support or be loyal to or to agree with an opinion
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wordiness
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uses more words than necessary
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redundant
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repetition of same sense in different words
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relevant
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important; pertinent
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antecedant
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the words that a pronoun refers to.
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coordination
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Grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as and, or but
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subordination
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Words, phrases, and clauses that make one element of a sentence dependent on (or subordinate to) another. Contrast with coordination.
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parallelism
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phrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other
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modifier
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a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause
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dangling modifier
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A phrase or a clause, which says something different from what is meant, because words are left out. A phrase or a clause, which says something different from what is meant, because words are left out
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active voice
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the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is performing the action or causing the happening denoted by the verb
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passive voice
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the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb. The subject of the sentence receives the action.
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sentence fragment
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a sentence missing a subject or verb or complete thought
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fused sentence
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a run-on sentence without any punctuation
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run on sentence
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made up of two or more sentences that are incorrectly run together as a single sentence
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run - together sentence
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when punctuation is not present between two independent clauses
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comma splice
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two sentences joined incorrectly with only a comma
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documentation
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confirmation that some fact or statement is true
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plagiarism
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a piece of writing that has been copied from someone else and is presented as being your own work
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evidence
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proof. your basis for belief or disbelief
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specificity
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the quality of being specific rather than general
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rhetorical triangle
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a diagram that represents a rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience. A diagram showing the relations of writer or speaker, reader or listener, and text in a rhetorical situation.
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purpose
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one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing
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body
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paragraphs that develop and support an essays thesis
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conclusion
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the act of ending something
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proofreading
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comparing keyed text to the original copy, and correcting errors; one of the editing steps
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structure
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the manner of construction of something and the arrangement of its parts
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fallacy
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a false notion
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example
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an item of information that is representative of a type
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illustration
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a visual representation (a picture or diagram) that is used make some subject more pleasing or easier to understand
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statistics
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Collection of data for study.
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refutation
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The part of an argument wherein a speaker or writer anticipates and counters opposing points of view.
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rhetorical question
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a statement that is formulated as a question but that is not supposed to be answered
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expert opinion
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Recommendations of individuals who have expertise in a particular area that are sometimes the basis of a group's decision-making process
