english 101 longman writer – Flashcards
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What you wish to accomplish. Inform ,explain ,convince or entertain
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Purpose
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To identify with your reader and their expectation in to account
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Audience
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Emotional state Reflect attitude toward yourself , purpose, subject , and reader.
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Tone
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. Duplication of another persons written ideas and claiming credit as your own.
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It is disrespectful, fraudulent, unethical
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Why is plagiarism an important issue?
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Provide full and accurate documentation
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How can you avoid plagiarism
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Neutral dictionary meanings
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Denotation
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Emotional association that goes beyond the literal meaning
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Connotation
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reveals the person you decide to be as you write
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Point of view
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personal experiences or personal observation, I, me, we, us , our
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first person narration
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Simplified style , Involves reader
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second person narration
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Gives the point of view of an outsider looking in. You , Your , Yours
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third person narration
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description, narration , Illustration, classification, process analysis, compare and contrast, cause and effect, definition, argumentation, persuasion
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Patterns of Development
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To detail what a person ,place or object is like
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description
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to relate an event
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narration
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to divide something into parts or to group related things into categories
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division-classification
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- to explain how something happens or how something is done.
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process analysis
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to point out similarities or dissimilarities
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comparison- contrast
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to analyze reason or effect
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cause-effect
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to explain the meaning of a term or a concept
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definition
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to win people over with a point of view
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argumentative-persuasion
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a subject for an essay / a document that presents your position on a subject
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Thesis
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concise overview of the essays main point in the exact order of which those points will be discussed
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Plan of developmental
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different kinds of support for a central idea Facts , details, statistics , personal observations
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Evidence of thesis statement
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supporting material is arranged in for different approaches
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Organizational approaches
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supporting material is arranged in clear time sequence
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Chronological
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discuss details as the occur in time or from a specific location
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Spatial
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based on the psychological principle that people remember what they experienced last
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Emphatic
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to proceed from simple concept to more complex ones
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Simple-to-complex
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- uses words or short phrases to outline an idea
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Topic outline
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uses sentences or phrases to outline an idea
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Sentence outline
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states a main point in support of a thesis
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Topic sentence
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Empty, round about openings, excessive prepositional phrases
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Three types of weak phrases
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- a part of a sentence punctuated as if it were a whole sentence
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Fragment
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- words that a writer selects that is appropriate for the writers point of view and tone.
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Diction
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a direct comparison of two different things using the words like or as
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Simile
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Comparison is implied rather than directly stated
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Metaphor
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- an inanimate object is given human characteristics
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Personification
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a trite phrase or expression
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Clichés
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- telling a single story or several related stories
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Narration
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indentify the point of narrative conflict, develop only those details that advance the narrative point of view, organize the narrative sequence, make the narrative easy to follow, make the narrative vigorous and immediate, keep your point of view and verb tense consistent
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Strategies for using narration in an essay
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1. one thing is better than the other 2. things that seem different actually are alike 3. the things that are alike actually seem different.
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What are the three things that you may check for to see if a comparison/contrast essay is going to work well for a topic
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1. subject are somewhat alike 2. stay focused on your purpose 3.Formulate a strong thesis 4.Select the points to be discussed 5.organize the points to be discussed 6. supply reader with clear transitions
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Strategies for using comparison-contrast in an essay Skills
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A run on sentence is a sentence error in which two main clauses are joined with no punctuation or connection word between them
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Run-ons
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Comma splices is a sentence error in which two main clauses are separated by a comma with no coordinating junction
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Comma splices
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Fragments is a sentence error in which a group of words is set off a sentence even though it begins with subordinating word or lacks a subject pr a predicate or both.
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Fragments
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Subjects and verbs agree in number and person
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Subject and verb agreement
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A pronoun is a substitute for a noun. It refers to a person, place, thing, feeling, or quality but does not refer to it by its name. The pronoun in the following sample sentence is bolded. The critique of Plato's Republic was written from a contemporary point of view. It was an in-depth analysis of Plato's opinions about possible governmental forms.
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Pronoun and antecedent agreement
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An antecedent is the word, phrase, or clause to which a pronoun refers, understood by the context. The antecedent in the following sample sentence is bolded.
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Antecedent
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: A pronoun must agree with its antecedent in three ways • Person refers to the quality of being. • Number is the quality that distinguishes between singular (one entity) and plural (numerous entities). • Gender is the quality that distinguishes the entities as masculine or feminine.
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agreement
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The semicolon is sort of like a cross between a comma and a period. Its main function is to connect two independent clauses that are closely related. It also prevents confusion in sentences (especially lists) with lots of commas.
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Semi-colons
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Use a comma between two long, independent clauses when conjunctions such as and, or, but, for, nor connect them.
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comma
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Use a colon [ : ] before a list or an explanation that is preceded by a clause that can stand by itself. Think of the colon as a gate, inviting one to go on: There is only one thing left to do now: confess while you still have time.
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Colons
