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study of psychological problems related to education, apply psychology theories and research to the class

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educational psychology

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A branch of psychology that studies children in an educational setting and is concerned with teaching and learning methods, cognitive development, and aptitude assessment

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educational psychology

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What are 3 different ways to study behavior?

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Individual case study, naturalistic observation, tests and surverys

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one individual is studied in dept for a long period of time (situations: you would use this, people in war, murder's, serial killers, multiple personalities)(children with skills to advanced for their age)

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individual case study

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Psychologists observe events as they naturally occur in the real world; observe behavior w/out influencing it; used for ethical reasons(ex: child that was being physically abused as a child then became a criminal ) by observing criminals and seeing how many of them were abused as a child

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naturalistic observation

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describing relationships between two factors is a correlation: a statistical description of how closely two variables are related. They can range from -1.00 to +1.00.

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naturalistic observations

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iq tests, interest tests, personality, etc.

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different types of tests and surverys

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the higher the statistic the stronger the ___________

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correlation

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relationship between two variables where they increase or decrease together ; example - number of calories and number of pounds gained

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positive correlation

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relationship between two variables in which the high value of one is associated with a low value of the other; example - outside temperature and weight of clothes people wear

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negative correlation

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what happened in the past

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correlation

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not only observe behavior , also manipulate it.

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experimental methods

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keeping all variables in both groups the same except for one

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control variable

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experimental method consists of 2 groups: _____ and ________

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experimental and control

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factor being manipulated in experimental group

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independent variable

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behavior being measured in experiment

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dependent variable

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when the experimenter or the subject dont know which group they are in ; helps to avoid experimental bias and certain kinds of treatment that may change subjects behavior

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double blind study

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What are the 5 components of the Scientific method?

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sampling(represents society as a whole, if you dont have a sample then the experiment will be messed up), control(keep all the variables the same except the independent), objectivity(some believe some dont), publication(peer journals), replication(repeat same experiment and get the same results)

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What are Erkison's 8 psychosocial stages?

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1. trust vs mistrust 2.autonomy vs shame and doubt 3. initiative vs guilt 4. industry vs inferiority 5. identity vs role confusions

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goes from birth to age 1, during this stage he believes the child begins to learn whether or not they can trust their world

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trust vs mistrust; if the child's basic needs are met during this stage then they come out with a sense of trust; if not met they come out with a sense of mistrust

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Erikson believes the ____ year of life is a CRITICAL PERIOD for the development of ______

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1st year ; development of trust

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a window of opportunity; if something doesnt happen during this period it may never happen

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critical period

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ages 2 to 3 ; during this stage kids may develop a sense of independence ; they begin to walk and potty train(learn self control) , "NO!" Erikson believes this is the child developing a sense of _______(self confidence)

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autonomy vs shame and doubt; if the child feelds overly criticized or punished or guilty the child may come out of this stage without autonomy and strong feelings of shame and doubt

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age 4 to 5 years; during this stage the child beings to learn language ; see alot of exploration from the child ; this initiative to explore will be encouraged if the child doesnt feel guilty

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initiative vs guilt

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age 6 to 11 years; during this stage the child begins school; if they are sucsessful in school they develop a sense of accomplishment ; these feelings may stay with a child throughout their entire life

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industry vs inferiority

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age of 12 to 15 years; during this stage the child will be going through adolescence and will develop a sense of ____ or _____ where they arent really sure how to behave or how to be accepted by other or who they are

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identity vs role confusion

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did research and found that parents tend to treat their boys and girls differently; they became negative when their daughters were overly physical or athletics ( parents were oten not aware of the negative feedback they gave when their daughter was involved in physical activity

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Beverly Fagot

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found that from an early age boys are encouraged to be competitive, to achieve, and to control the expression of their feelings; girls at an early age are encouraged to develop close relationhips, talk about their troubles, and show affection and comfort others

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Jean Block

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she said what we should strive for is psychological androgony (means not gender specific, can be both male and female characteristics)

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sandra bem

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the occupational choice tends to happen during the beginning of adolescent years : this can lead to an example of _________

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Role confusions

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Erikson said if a child is having feelings of role confusion to take a ________

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psychosocial moratorium

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means a delay or pause or break from your usual activities

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psychoscoial moratorium

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was influenced by the works of Erikson, talked about adolescents going through different identity statuses ( identity choices )

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James Marcia

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What are the 4 different identity statuses of James Marcia?

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1. Identity diffusion 2. Moratorium 3. identity achievement 4. Identity foreclosure

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adolescents who do not feel a sense of crisis about their future career because they avoid thinking about it (lets party attitude)

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identity diffusion

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there are adolescents have made a career choice, and are pursuing this choice but this choice is tentative and they can be thrown back into crisis at any time

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identity achievement

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there are adolescents who accept and endorse the career choice made for them by someone else

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identity foreclosure

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1. there was no proof 2. his emphasis on identity crisis may have been from his own experiences in his life and he may have incorporated into a theory for everyone

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Erikson's criticisms

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Achieved the success of trying to encourage your kids to experience success and limit the feelings of inferiority

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Erikson's contributions

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_____ had a huge impact on

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Piaget

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Piaget did over 40 years of research using experiments and research of how kids ________.

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think at different ages

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One of the approaches Piaget used was the _____, he would pose a problem then he would ask the child a question and based on the answer he got he would ask the child additional questions

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Clinical method

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Piaget said we has humans inherit two basic tendencies ______ and ______.

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organization and adaptation

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we inherit the tendencies to combine processes into coherent systems

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organizations

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a tendency we all have to adapt or adjust to our environment; the child uses intellectual processes to transform them so they can use them for new experiences

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adaptation

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an organized pattern of behavior or thought

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scheme

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When a child encounters a new experience that does not fit an existing scheme _________ becomes necessary

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adaptation

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What are the two types of adaptation?

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assimilation and accommodation

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new experiences that fit an existing scheme ; a child sees a ew type of ball and realizes it a ball, different from his ball but understands its still a ball

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assimilation

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where is this new experience causes a change in an existing scheme ; child may have to modify this scheme (ex: john lenon's child adding a new idea of what a court is )

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accommodation

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The sens of balance is known as ________________

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equilibrium ( mental balance)

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What are the Piaget's 3 Principles?

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1. conservationism 2. De-centration 3. Reversibility

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being able to realize that properties can stay the same in spite of a change in appearance ; what he found from his study was children under the age of 6 said that there was more water in beaker 1 than beaker 3 (even though it was the same amount of water) - they had not yet mastered _______.

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conservation

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having the ability to focus on more than one quality at a time

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decentration

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older kids have the ability to pour the water back and realize it is the same amount

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reversibility

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Piaget also found that young kids engage in __________; presume that everyone sees things or experiences things the same way as they do

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egocentric thinking

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Piaget believes that the different thinking throughout childhood occurs in _______

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stages

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Piaget says the cognitive stages a child goes through are _________

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invariant

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Piaget also believes the cognitive stages children go through are _______

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universal

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stages all happen in the same sequence

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invariant

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What are the 4 cognitive stages developed by Piaget?

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1. sensorimotor stage 2. preoperational stage 3. concrete-operational stage 4. formal operation stage

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goes from birth to about the age of 2 years, during this stage schemes are developed primarily through sensory and motor activities ; around the age of 6 to 8 months the child develops an important cognitive milestone object permanence

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sensorimotor stage

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the child begins to realize that objects can continue to exist when they are out of sight

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object permanence

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2 to about 7 years; during this stage language develops at a rapid rate, the child no longer thinks as images but in words; increase in terms of language but the way the child thinks is not yet logical

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preoperational stage

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Piaget didnt believe that _____ plays an imporant role in the child's cognitive development

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language

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Characterizes : only focus on one characteristic at a time, doesnt have reversibility, often times make decisions based on how things look and have a hard time realizing that an object can posses more than one property or that it can belong to several classes at the same time ; these kids have a very hard time understanding jokes, they take everything literally; you see an increase in make believe play ; have animistic thinking (example the teddy bear hurts or the sun is mad)

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preoperational stage

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about 7 to 11 years old; this stage is a major turning point in a child's cognitive development ; child's thinking begins to resemble that of an adult more than that of a child ; child is able to utilize conservation, decentration, and reversibility( the reversibility is limited to concrete objects) ; the child is still not able to deal with abstractions , hypothetical problems, and they have a hard time generalizing from one situation to a similar one

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concrete-operational stage

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11 years and on ; the child begins to use abstract thinking, deal with hypothesis, engages in mental manipulations; this formal thinking develops gradually

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formal operation stage

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at any point in a child's development there are problems that the child is just on the verge of being able to solve by them but they dont have quite enough skills to solve them themselves; however, if they are given assistance/guidance they are often able to solve them.

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Zone of Proximal Distance

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being in that area of being able to do things by themselves with a little of assistance

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ZPD - zone of prozimal distance

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Piaget believes effective teaching takes place in the _____

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ZPD - Zone of proximal distance

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believes kids benefit more when they interact with kids people who are more skilled than they are; believes that language is critical for cognitive development to occur

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Vygotsky beliefs

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believes that kids learn about their culture through interaction with those older than they are

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Vygotsky

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Young kids that talk to themselves

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Vygotsky calls this Private SPeech

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by the age of 9 _________ disappears because they reach the cognitive level where this form of speech does not need to guide their behavior or thinking any more

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private speech

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1. some people feel as though he may have underestimated the ability of kids 2. he talked about there being 4 distinct stages of development 3. some critics focused too much on what children couldnt do rather than what they could do 4. some think that he may have over estimated the amount of formal thinking that happens during adolescence

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Criticisms of Piaget

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1. 1st person that got us looking at the fact that kids develop cognitively in stages 2. got us to realize that kids think differently from each other and from adults 3. got us to realize that qualitative changes in thinking happen as a child goes from stage to stage 4. he gave us insight into the richness and complexity of the childs thinking or cognitive development in children

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Contributions of Piaget

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how do children develop a sense of right and wrong, what behavior is okay and what behavior is not okay

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Moral development

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Piaget believes a child's moral reasoning is tied to their ________; because the 6 year old child has not mastered decentration yet so he can only focus on 1 thing at a time and he focused on the size of the stain so the child with the bigger stain was more naughty

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cognitive reasoning

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believed that kids develop a sense of morality by going through stages

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Kohlberg

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What are the 3 levels of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg?

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1. preconventional morality 2. conventional morality 3. post conventional morality

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birth to about 9 years old ; kohlberg says young kids do not understand the rules of society; they follow the rules to avoid punishment

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preconventional morality

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9 to about 20 years old ; this group he says follows the rules of society because they are the rules of society ; follow the rules to impress other people (like parents and teachers and to show their respect for authority )

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conventional morality

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20 and on up if it happens at all; only a small proportion of adults get to this level; these peoplea re able to understand the moral principles behind the rules of society

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post conventional morality

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How to Piaget and Kohlberg differ?

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Kohlberg believes that moral reasoning could be sped up by instruction; Piaget disagreed because he believes moral reasoning is tied into cognitive development and cognitive development cannot be sped up

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did research and used moral dellima stories like Kohlberg to compare males to females; discovered women showed more care/concern; men experience more of a feeling of justice being served

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Carol Gilligan

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when a baby begins to attach to their mother -he did research with ducks. He would take the place of the mother duck during this time of imprinting and the ducks would imprint to him.

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Lorenz - imprinting

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said alot of kids were able to describe what they were supposed to do in hypothetial situation but when you place them in a real life situation they often engage in the opposite behavior ; final observation: kids know the rules, they just dont follow them and almost all kids will cheat under certain cercumstances

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Hartshore and May

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______ says kids often engage in parallel play

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Parpain

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when you play besides someone but not really interacting with them

answer

parallel play

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found that parents tend to encourage their daughters to be dependent ; she suggests that parents and teachers encourage them to figure the problem out their selves before they help

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Beverly Fargot

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Liuson and Peskin looked at kids who began to develop physically mature before their class mates ( ___________)

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early and late maturation

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Characteristics of those who __________: more of an advantage if you .... they were more self confident , had higher self esteem, more likely to be leaders and more likely to receive favorable comments from adults ; this happens because the look ... and are better athletes; the only bad thing is that they are more likely to get involved in antisocial or delinquent types of behavior

answer

early maturing boys

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these individuals often times have more feelings of inferiority, not as popular as the ..... typically , more likely to engage in attention getting behavior (silly goofy stuff)

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late maturing boys

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at a disadvantage, were popular with their peers and with boys but all things being equal they were likely to suffer from depression more likely to suffer from an eating disorder more likely to become suicidal ; gain weight earlier which is viewed as being negative

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early maturing girls

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more confident and more outgoing

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late maturing girls

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reffers to puberty and the hormones influencing behavior and feelings - what Stanley Hall considered adolescence

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"storm and stress"

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belief that some people have that they have little or no control over their lives ; those that often have this have problems with depression

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learned helplessness

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Females are ____ times more likely to attempt suicide but when it comes to _____ boys are more successful

answer

4 times, successful suicide

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part of what is called assessment; a sample of behavior or knowledge and try to draw conclusions based on that

answer

testing

question

What are 5 different types of testing?

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educational testing(IQ, group test, leap, standardized testing, Norm reference test, frequency distribution, and criteria reference test

question

take a standard set of items presented in a uniform manner and the results are reported in terms of standards

answer

standardized testing

question

Two important factors you need to look at are _____ and _____

answer

reliability and validity

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are the scores repeatable?

answer

reliability

question

does it measure what it claims to measure?

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validity

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compare an individuals performance to that of his or her peers ; 1. they are objective 2. have predetermined answers 3. compare a student's performance to the performance of others 4. the performance is evaluated in terms of norms

answer

norm reference test

question

the purpose of a ____ is to separate the performance of individuals so that there is a distribution of scores from the highest to the lowest score

answer

Norm reference test ( ACT , GRE, IQ tests, in class exams, special education placement)

question

ranking a test from highest to lowest scores ; when psychologists look at test performance they look at measures of central tendency

answer

frequency distribution

question

based on the child themselves , if they reach a certain level they pass ( ex: praxis and leap test) ; measures how well a student has achieved specific objectives

answer

criterion (criteria) reference test

question

a mathematical concept that depicts a bell shaped distributions of scores

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Normal curve ( bell shaped curve)

question

categories are 34%, 14% and 2% from the mean ; height, weight, intelligence, will fall under this

answer

normal curve

question

probably the most often looked at score when people look at reports

answer

grade equivalency score

question

a derived score that indicates the percentage of people at or below this raw score

answer

percentile score

question

based on the standard deviation

answer

standard score (derived score)

question

can transform all the GES scores into ______ so they can be compared

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standardized scores

question

sometimes given on reports ; were developed back in WWII by air force psychologists and they were used to screen men for different kinds of programs

answer

stanine scores

question

the ability to aquire knowledge or skills

answer

intelligence

question

define intelligence

answer

psychologists have trouble agreeing on what intelligence is and any type of test including IQ cannot test intelligence it only shows a sample of behavior

question

refers to a persons ability to monitor their own and other peoples feelings and to use this information to guide their thinking and their actions ; some people say this refers more to a personality trait

answer

emotional intelligence

question

Most psychologists believe that intelligence is due to ___ ____; you cant prove which one is more or if they equal but they both play a role

answer

nature vs nurture

question

believed that intelligence is 80% due to heredity; he also believes that innate differences may exist between blacks and whites

answer

Arthur JEnsen

question

said no with respect to any native born english speak child ( if you were born in this country and you speak english then it wont be bias against you)

answer

Jensen's response to "are IQ tests bias?"

question

said that IQ tests are so biased they should be declared illegal

answer

Jane Mercer

question

Williams developed a test called black intelligence test of cultural homogeniasis test known as _________

answer

BITCH test

question

items were picked for this test that they felt reflected that of african american culture of the time

answer

the BITCH test

question

the judge ruled that tracking was illegal

answer

Hobsen vs Hanson

question

the judge ruled that latino kids must be tested in their primary language before they were placed into a mentally retarded class

answer

Diana vs the Board of education

question

ruled that tests that are biased (IQ tests) cannot be used for the placement of minority kids into classes

answer

Laray Pee case

question

in Chicago the judge ruled that IQ tests are not biased against minority kids and that they can be used for placement

answer

Pase vs Hannon

question

talked about kids in schools that were only considered retarded during the 6 hours they were at school

answer

Jane Mercer

question

these kids are only considered "retarded" during the 6 hours they attend school; characteristics mostly male, minority, come from lower SES familes

answer

6 hour retardets

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