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Experience, including practice, causes a relatively permanent change in an individual's knowledge or behavior. The change may be deliberate OR unintentional, for better or for worse, correct or incorrect, and conscious or unconscious.

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Learning occurs when

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Explanations of learning that focus on external events in observable behaviors.

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Behavioral learning theories

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Association of two events because of repeated pairing.

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Contiguity

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Event that activates behavior.

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Stimulus

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Observable reaction to a stimulus.

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Response

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Association of automatic responses with new stimuli.

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Classical conditioning

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Responses, generally automatic or involuntary, elicited by specific stimuli.

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Respondents

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1. When they are similar. 2. When they contrast. 3. When they are contiguous. This last one is most important, because it is included in all explanations of learning by association.

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Aristotle said that we remember things together...

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A term used by physicians that describes people whose blood pressure, and involuntary response, goes up when it is tested in the doctor's office, usually by someone in a white coat.

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White coat syndrome

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Stimulus not connected to a response.

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Neutral stimulas

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Stimulus that automatically produces an emotional or physiological response.

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Unconditioned stimulus (US)

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Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.

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Unconditioned response (UR)

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Stimulus that evokes an emotional or physiological response after conditioning.

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Conditioned stimulus (CS)

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Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.

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Conditioned response (CR)

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Voluntary, and generally goal-directed, behaviors emitted by a person or an animal.

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Operants

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Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents.

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Operant conditioning

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Events that precede an action.

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Antecendents

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Events that follow an action.

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Consequences

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Use of consequences to strengthen behavior.

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Reinforcement

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Any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances that the behavior will occur again.

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Reinforcer

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1. Positive reinforcement. 2. Negative reinforcement.

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The two types of reinforcement are

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Strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior.

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Positive reinforcement

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Strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs.

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Negative reinforcement

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Irritating or unpleasant.

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Aversive

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Process that weakens or suppresses behavior. Involves decreasing or suppressing behavior.

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Punishment

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1. Type I or presentation punishment. 2. Type II or removal punishment.

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Punishment takes on one of two forms...

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Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by presenting an aversive stimulus following the behavior.

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Type I or Presentation Punishment

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Decreasing the chances that a behavior will occur again by removing a pleasant stimulus following the behavior.

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Type II or Removal Punishment

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Presenting a reinforcer after every appropriate response.

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Continuous reinforcement schedule

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Presenting a reinforcer after some but not all responses.

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Intermittent reinforcement schedule

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1. Interval schedule. 2. Ratio schedule.

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There are two types of intermittent reinforcement schedules...

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Length of time between reinforcers.

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Interval schedule

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Reinforcement based on the number of responses between reinforcers.

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Ratio Schedule

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The disappearance of a learned response.

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Extinction

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Capacity for the presence or absence of antecedents to cause behaviors.

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Stimulus control

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Instructions that are concise, clear, and specific, and that communicate an expected result. Statements work better than questions.

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Effective instruction delivery

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Providing a stimulus that "sets up" a desired behavior.

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Cueing

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A reminder that follows a cue to make sure the person reacts to the cue.

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Prompt

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The application of behavioral learning principles to understand and change behavior.

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Applied behavior analysis

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Systematic application of antecedents and consequences to change behavior.

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Behavior modification

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Ignoring inappropriate behaviors, while being sure to reinforce appropriate behaviors as soon as they occur.

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Differential reinforcement

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1. Be contingent on the behavior to be reinforced. 2. Specify clearly the behavior being reinforced. 3. Be believable.

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To be effective, praise must...

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Principle stating that a more-preferred activity can serve as a reinforcer for a less-preferred activity. Sometimes referred to as Grandma's Rule. Example: First, do what I want you to do, and then you may do what you want to do.

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Premack principle

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Reinforcing each small step of progress toward a desired goal or behavior.

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Shaping

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Small components that make up a complex behavior.

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Successive approximations

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System for breaking down a task hierarchically into basic skills and subskills.

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Task analysis

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Practicing correct responses immediately after errors. Students replace one behavior with another.

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Positive practice

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Criticisms for misbehavior, rebukes.

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Reprimands

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Punishment by loss of enforcers.

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Response cost

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Removal of a disruptive student for 5 or 10 minutes.

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Social isolation

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Technically, the removal of all reinforcement. In practice, isolation of a student from the rest of the class for a brief time.

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Time out

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Arrangement where a class is divided into teams and each team receives demerit points for breaking agreed-upon rules of good behavior.

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Good behavior game

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Rewards or punishments given to a class as a whole for adhering to or violating rules of conduct.

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Group consequences

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A contract between the teacher and a student specifying what the student must do to earn a particular reward or privilege.

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Contingency contract

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System in which tokens for academic work and/or good behavior can be earned and exchanged for a reward.

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Token reinforcement system

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The processes of understanding the "why" of a problem behavior.

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Functional behavioral assessment (FBA)

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Interventions designed to replace problem behaviors with new actions that serve the same purpose for the student.

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Positive behavior supports (PBS)

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Involves identifying the context for a student's misbehavior, clearly specifying the alternative expected behavior, modifying the situation to make the problem behavior less likely then rehearsing the expected positive behavior with powerful reinforcers.

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Precorrection

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Use of behavioral learning principles to change your own behavior.

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Self-management

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Controlling your own reinforcers.

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Self-reinforcement

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1. Goal setting. 2. Monitoring and evaluating progress. 3. Self-reinforcement.

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Steps of self-management

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Theory that emphasizes learning through observing others.

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Social learning theory

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Learning by doing and experiencing the consequences of your actions.

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Enactive learning

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Learning by observation and imitation of others - vicarious learning.

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Observational learning

Educational Psychology Chapter 7: Behavioral Views and Learning – Flashcards

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