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William Bagley

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popularized the term essentialism in the 1930's and essentialism has been a dominant influence in american education since ww2.

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Mary Mcleod Bethune

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committed to meeting the critical need of providing education to the newly freed african americans, demonstrated commitment and effort in establishing a black college against overwhelming odds and by rising from poverty to become a national voice for african americans.

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George Counts

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student of john dewey, published his classic book dare the schools build a new social order, in which he outlined a more ambitious and clearly more radical, approach to education. proposed the schools focus on reforming society, an idea that caught the imagination and sparked the ideals of educators both in this country and abroad.

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Kenneth Clark

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First african american to receive a doctorate in psychology from columbia university. black doll study to show how racism was defined as good or bad people, used in the brown v. board of education topeka case citing the the "doll" study was deciding that separate with inherently unequal.

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Prudence Crandall

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allowed black girls into her school, later the school was shut down because the townspeople were afraid of interracial marriages, and then later she wrote in the liberator reopening her school with now 15 black girls as students. had interest in education, racial equality, and women's rights.

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Charles Eliot

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harvard's longest president. observed that in the learning of education there was a disconnect between spiritual and academic learning. his views included a commitment to public service, specialized training, and the capacity to change and adapt.

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Paulo Freire

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committed himself to the education of the poor and politically oppressed. moved literacy from an educational tool to a political instrument. denounced teacher-centered classrooms, believed that instructor domination denied the legitimacy of student experiences and treated students as secondary objects in the learning process. pedagogy of the oppressed, illustrated how education could transform society.

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Emma Hart Willard

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wrote and disseminated her views on opening higher education women and won favorable responses. she opened the troy female seminary, devoted to preparing professional teachers, thus providing a teacher education programs years before the first normal school was founded.

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Maria Montessori

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no follower of tradition, established a children's school called the asa dei bambini, designed to provide and education for disadvantaged children from the slums of rome. observed that children have an inner need to work at tasks that interest them.

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Horace Mann

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profiled for establishing free public schools and expanding the opportunities of poor as well as wealthy americans, and for his vision of the central role of education in improving the quality of american life.

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Rev. Samuel Hall

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established a normal school that established model standards in concord, vermont. his modest normal school marked the beginning of teacher education in america.

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Maxine Green

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believed that teachers themselves must be deeply involved in their own learning and questioning. asserts that education should move teachers and students to "wide awakeness" the ability to discover their own truths.

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Sylvia Ashton-Warner

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teaching strategies with emphasis on child-centered learning and creativity in the classroom, stand in opposition to early experience. "key vocabulary" system for teaching reading to young children.

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learning styles

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diverse ways of learning, comprehending, and using information

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cognitive domain

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individuals have different ways of perceiving, organizing, retaining, and using information

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affective domain

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includes attitudes, values, and emotions, factors that influence curiosity, the ability to tolerate and overcome frustration, and the willingness to take risks

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locus of control

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some learners attribute success or failure to external (the teacher didn't review the material well) or internal (my score was high because i made some lucky guesses) factors

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physiology

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a student who is hungry and tired will not learn as effectively as a well-nourished and rested child.

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gender similarities hypothesis

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rather than demonstrating separate learning styles and needs, males and females are actually more alike than different.

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neuroplasticity

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the ability of our brain to change itself and create new neural pathways

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howard gardner

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broadened the concept to define intelligence as "the capacity to solve problems or to fashion products that are valued in one or more cultural settings"

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multiple intelligences

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captures the diverse nature of human capability

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gardener's eight intelligences

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1. logical-mathematical 2. linguistic 3. bodily kinesthetic 4. musical 5. spatial 6. interpersonal 7. intrapersonal 8. naturalist

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portfolio

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approach is an example of a more comprehensive assessment, which includes student artifacts (papers, projects, dads, mp3, recordings, photo exhibits) that offer tangible examples of student learning

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Five Minds of the Future, Gardner

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suggests new directions for schools; pointing that memorizing and cramming for standardized testing is not effective

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ethical mind

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not cheating, and being honest with school work and lifestyles that do not focus on personal wealth

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respectful mind

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honoring people with different ideas, cultures, and belief systems

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disciplined mind

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masters a field of study, like literature, history, art, science, math, or even a craft

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synthesizing mind

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we need to develop the ability to sort through this information, to figure out what is important and how best we can use the data

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creating mind

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discovers new ways of looking at the world, offering new insights and a fresh way of thinking

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emotional intelligence quotient

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offers another perspective of learning

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daniel goleman

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wrote emotional intelligence, argues that when it comes to predicting success in life, emotional quotient may be a better predictor than iq

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exceptional learners

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learning disabilities, developmental/intellectual disabilities, emotional disturbances or behavior disorders, hearing impairments, communication disorders, visual impairments, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, other health and physical impairments, and severe and multiple disabilities

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giftedness

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five elements of giftedness: artistic and creative talents intellectual and academic abilities, and leadership skills

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advanced placement

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program that offers college-level courses for high-achieveing high schoolers and the international baccalaureate program.

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accelerate programs

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allow gifted students to skip grades or receive college credit early

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special education

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educational rights of these children have been mandated by courts of law and are being put into practice in classrooms across the nation.

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individuals with disabilities education act

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not only provides a more sensitive description of the act's purpose but also extends coverage to all disabled learners between the ages of 3 and 21, including individuals with autism and traumatic brain injuries.

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zero reject

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asserts that no child with disabilities may be denied a free, appropriate public education

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appropriate education

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implies that these children have the right to an education involving the accurate diagnosis of individual needs, as well as responsive programs keyed to those needs.

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nondiscriminatory education

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based on the 5th and 14th amendment of the us constitution, mandates that children with disabilities be fairly assessed so that they can be protected from inappropriate classification and tracking.

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least-restrictive environment

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protects children with disabilities from being inappropriately segregated from their age-group peers

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mainstreaming

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placing special needs students in regular classroom settings for at least part of the day

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inclusion

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reflects an even stronger commitment to educate each student in a least-restrictive environment to the maximum degree possible

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procedural due process

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upholds the right of those with disabilities to a protest a school's decision about their education

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individualized education program

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requires that a "free appropriate public education" be defined on an individual basis

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learning disabilities

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constitutes the largest group of students with special needs

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adaptive technology

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can provide a real boost for students in and beyond the classroom. ex: wheelchairs, voice commands

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race

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a group of individuals sharing a common socially determined category often related to genetic attributes

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ethnicity

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shared common cultural traits such as language, religion, and dress.

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culture

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set of learned beliefs, values, symbols, and behaviors, a way of life shared by members of a society

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multiracial

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claiming ancestors from two or more races

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expectation theory

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believe that some children do poorly because their teachers do not expect much of kids from certain racial and ethnic groups

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deficit theory

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certains students do poorly in school because of their cultural, social, or linguistic background

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cultural difference theory

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asserts that academic problems can be overcome if educators study and mediate the cultural gap separating school and home

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assimilation (enculturation)

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groups incorporated into the mainstream culture

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cultural pluralism

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recognition that some groups, voluntarily or involuntarily,have maintained their culture and their language

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bilingual education

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use of two languages for instruction

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language submersion

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students either learned to speak english as they sat in class or they failed in school

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lau v. nichols

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chinese students from the san francisco area who were failing their courses because they could not understand english

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english language learners

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enrolled in public elementary and secondary schools, non-english-speaking

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transitional approach

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use the native language as a bridge to english language instruction

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maintenance or developmental approach

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designed to help children develop academic skills in both their native language and english

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dual-language

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instruction occurs in both languages to create a truly bilingual student

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immersion

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instruction is exclusively in english

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english as a second language

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supplements immersion programs by providing special pull-out classes for additional instruction in reading and writing english

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english-only movement

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those who support this movement feel that english is unifying national bond that preserves our common culture

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multicultural education

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expanding the curriculum to reflect america's diversity, using teaching strategies that are responsive to different learning styles, supporting the multicultural competence of teachers so they are comfortable and knowledgable working with students and families of different cultures, and a commitment to social justic

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james bank

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focuses specifically on developing a multicultural curriculum. believes that one way to achieve greater understanding and more positive attitudes toward different groups is to integrate and broaden the curriculum to make it more inclusive and action oriented

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bank curriculum levels

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1. the contributions approach, focuses on heroes holidays, and discrete cultural elements 2. the additive approach, content, concepts, themes, and perspectives are added to the curriculum without changing its structure 3. the transformation approach, structure of the curriculum is changed to enable students to view concepts, issues, events, and themes from the perspectives of diverse ethnic and cultural groups 4. the social action approach, students make decisions on important social issues and take actions to help solve them

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culturally responsive teaching

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focuses on the learning strengths of students and mediates the frequent mismatch between home and school cultures

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stereotypes

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absolute beliefs that all members of a group have a fixed set of characteristics

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stereotype threat

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a measure of how social context, such as self-image, trust in others, and a sense of belonging, can influence academic performance

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generalizations

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recognize that there are trends over large numbers of people

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philip w. jackson

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suggests that whereas teachers are typically very busy, students are often caught in patterns of delay that force them to do nothing

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john goodlad

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found a fair degree of consistency in how time is spent in different activities as children go through the grades

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gatekeeping

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teachers must determine who will talk, when and for how long, as well as the basic direction of the communication

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tracking

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students with different abilities are assigned to different tracks of courses and programs.

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jeannie oakes

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she found that race more than ability determined which students are placed in which tracks: black, hispanic, and native american students with similar test scores as their white peers are three times more likely to be enrolled in low-track classes

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detrack

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eliminate tracking practice from the nation's schools

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ability grouping

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sorts students based on capability, but the groupings may well vary by subject

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sociograms

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provide insights into the social life of a class

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alternative families

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refers to family lifestyles other than a married able and female living with their children, these consist of a single parent with children; biological parents who are not married..

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latchkey

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coined to describe children who carry a key on a cord or chain around their necks to unlock their home door

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mckinney-vento homeless assistance act

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providing the homeless with emergency food services, adult literacy programs, access to schooling, job training, and other assistance

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dame schools

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when women would convert their homes into schools and taught reading, writing, and computation

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in loco-parentis

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many colonies required that masters teach reading and writing as well as vocational skills, served in place of the child's parents

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old deluder satan law

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the puritan's attempt to thwart satans trickery with scripture reading citizens

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latin grammar school

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boys who could afford to pay for their education

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thomas jefferson

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wanted go beyond educating a small elite class or providing only religious instruction

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benjamin franklin

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penned proposals relating to the youth of pennsylvania suggesting a new kind of secondary school to replace the latin grammar school with the academy

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common school (elementary school)

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open to all students, instilling common and humane moral values could reduce such social disharmony

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normal schools

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school devoted to preparing teachers in pedagogy- the best ways to teach children

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gendered career

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where a specific was dominantly one specific gender

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english classical school

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the site of the first free secondary school established in boston in 1821

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kalamazoo michigan case

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the courts ruled that taxes could be used to support secondary schools

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progressive education

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broadened the school program to include health concerns, family and community life issues, and a concern for vocational educational

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national defense education act

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in 1958 to enhance the security of the nation and to develop the mental resources and technical skills of its young men and women

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tenth amendment

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any area not specifically stated in the constitution as a federal responsibility is automatically assigned to the states

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land ordinance act and northwest ordinance

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required townships in the newly settled territories bounded by ohio and mississippi rivers and the great lakes to reserve a section of land for educational purposes

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plessy v ferguson

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segregation became a legally sanctioned part of the american way of life with black people allowed in all white schools

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separate but equal

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initially legalized separate railway passenger cars for black and white americans and was also used to justify a legally segregated school systems, which in many states lasted for more than half a century

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de jure segregation

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segregation by law or by official action

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de facto (unofficial) segregation

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occurred as the result of segregated residential patterns, patterns that were often prompted by discriminatory real estate practices

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brown v. board of education of topeka

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the court ruled unanimously that in the field of public education the doctrine of separate but equal has no place

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second-generation segregation

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in the same school building, black students and white students found themselves separated by tracking, treated differently by teachers and administrators, and even gravitating to different areas of the school

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