Education: Pluralism and Particularism, Multicultural Education Definition

-seek a richer common culture. made of various subcultures. -\"american\" culture is flexible. -achievement is open to anyone! -the pie has everyone touching

*\"common culture is undesirable and unattainable\"* -everyone needs their own ethnocentric curriculum (assumes people need to need to hear about their culture and can only learn from people like them) -ethnically separate courses (because children have to see successful people who look like them in order to achieve)pie is all separate slices

\"Multicultural education is a process of comprehensive school reform and basic education for all students.\" *you don't want people to feel othered by education*

1. Good education connects theory and action - social justice. 2. Developing a social justice perspective means learning how to think more inclusively, reflecting on what is learned, and applying that learning to real situations. 3. Multicultural education with a social justice perspective means *learning to question power structures and the status quo.**ex: 1960's- if a white teacher went to teach in a black school.* give up a little of what you have and where you \"should\" be and feel safe, to go help others ~the picture of the different height kids standing on the boxes. the boxes of different heights to make them all the same size is social justice~

-often maintained through institutions (political and economic, churches, schools, media) -our dominant culture has been white, european, language from england, legal systems from english common law, middle class system, outspoken, southern hospitality, personal space, time

-represents a symbolic credit for having more experiences with dominant culture *remember the activity with books in house, went to museum etc* -results= more competencies that give someone \"taste\" and \"intellegence\" -people who have these things acheive higher social standing

-students who don't have enough cultural capital suffer from cultural depravation. -there's a gap between what students should know already and what they actually know. -compensatory programs come into play to bridge the gap

*1.Title 1 of Elementary & Secondary Education Act (ESEA)*-looks at low income schools and helps *2. Head Start*-low income pre-school *3.Family Literacy Programs*-helps parents learn english *4.Language Programs*-night school for families *5.Programs and support Services for the disabled* *6.Extended Day instruction*- will add an extra period to help students catch up *7.Transportation Services*- 2nd bus route for after extra curriculars/extended day *8.Computer Instruction*

-Advantages and power over others in society because of one's socioeconomic status, race, native language, gender, or other group membership -BENEFIT... something you have don't have to have or to be taken away unearned advantages

*Acculturation*- adopting or taking on the culture of a new group. typically immigrants. can include: values, dress, music, food, ect.

1980 look at picture. *deculturation/marginalization*-usually end up homeless *rejection/encapsulation*- you're already really happy with your own culture, so you don't even try with new culture (chinatown) *assimilation*- what you want immigrants to do. just to blend in completely to society (negative assimilation is forced- native americans) *integration/biculturalism*- bilingual, multicultural, celebrate multiple holidays of both cultures, live in either culture. BEST OUTCOME.

2001 -family perspective -BUT this model doesn't take into account that not everyone immigrates as a family.*1. consonant acculturation*- parents and children learn the language and culture of the community together (at the same time). *2. dissonant acculturation*-children learn the new language and culture, while parents keep the old culture. this happens more often and leads to parental authority decreasing. *3. selective acculturation*-children learn the new language and culture, but keep certain elements of their old culture. also happens more often

*voluntary*: -Europeans (wealth and religious freedom) -Mexicans (work) -Asians (chinese for railroad and gold-mining, so work)*involuntary*: -Africans (slave trade) -Mexicans? (Polk started a border dispute in texas, and crossed over the border. Mexican-American War broke out, people living there became illegal aliens and annexed into the US. also Manifest Destiny) *who comes now??* -visa programs are required -asia has the most people coming today

*PLYER V. DOE (1982)*- supreme court ruled illegal immigrant children have a right to a free, public education. teachers cant ask if a student is here illegally. school is a safe place.

*race*- defined by society and changes over time. DEF: \"a social-historical concept used to separate individuals based on difference\" *physical characteristics* *ethnicity*-refers to ethnic or national origins. i'm german. you can identify with more than one. how much you identify with your ethnicity depends on your family. -racial groups are typically made up of more than one ethnic group. ethnic groups include members of more than one race. -

*Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)*- there was a black man from La who got on white train car then sues saying its violation of rights, ruled \"separate but equal\" *Brown v. Board of Education (1954)*- separate but equal is not okay *Civil Rights Act of 1964*-loans given if states integrated their schools

separation of groups of people that has been mandated by city, state, or federal gov't policies. -Jim Crow Laws -Voting restrictions -Plessy

separation of groups that occur as people chose to live in different neighborhoods or participate in different clubs and social groups. (we end up with segregation bc churches/neighborhoods are predominately one race)

-over 925 hate groups in US -a hate crime is committed every hour -hate crimes are committed against all races -african americans, jews, and gay people are targeted. -increased attacks on muslims since 9/11 -TX, FL, CA have a lot bc of immigrants

-teachers need to stand up and say something as soon as it happens! let the class know that's not okay. -schools should help students blend in with the dominant society, but also maintain their own ethnicity. -*ethnic studies, ethnocentric curriculum, multiethnic curriculum*

-She says that anyone is a person of color if they aren't white. She is wanting to distinguish white from the other ethnicities because she says that *people of color can't be racist*. Racism is a white thing because people of color don't benefit from the system. -Racism is defined as a *\"personal ideology based on...beliefs and actions of individuals...and a system involving cultural messages and institutional policies and practices.\"* -all white people are racist-*active racism:* This means that you're making active decisions to engage in outright behavior, or you aren't trying to stop racism. -*passive racism:* Look at society as the moving walkway. Someone who is actively racist would walk with it. Passively racist would just be standing on the walkway

-white people were able to get apartment cheaper and actually available. they denied some black men and women.

*-according to John Ogbu,* listening to certain music, high academic acheivement, being in honors or AP classes, standard english, dressing in certain clothing. -1980's -explains low academic acheivement. african americans make fun of other african americans and pressure them and bully them.*Problems with his research:* -only looked at 1 HS -only talks to 8 AA students -many other studies haven't found this evidence. *SO,* -the burden does exist minimally -hostility is more linked to CLASS, not race

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*Upper-upper Class* = \"Old money.\" People who have been born into and raised with wealth. *Lower-upper Class* = \"New money.\" Individuals who have become rich within their own lifetimes. Daddy. Athletes, mark zuckerberg. at least $250k/yr *Upper-middle Class* = High-salaried professionals (doctors, lawyers, corporate executives) *Middle Class* = Mid-level professionals (teachers, office managers, nurses) **Lower-middle Class* = Lower-paid professionals, but not manual laborers (police officers, non-management office workers, small business owners) **Upper-lower Class* = Blue-collar workers and manual laborers. Also known as the \"working class.\" *Lower-lower Class* = The homeless and permanently unemployed, as well as the \"working poor.\" *common fields

-The political-economic system ensures that most persons remain in the class to which they are born. -There are few persons who are truly socially and economically mobile (for example, professional athletes and coaches, successful entertainers, and movie stars). -A college education is the most reliable means for social mobility from low income to middle class or higher.

five different variables: *1. Income*-the money you bring in. investments, royalties, salary, income properties. The United States has the greatest gap of all industrialized nations between the highest and lowest wages. The average annual CEO compensation is $11.4 million. The average annual minimum wage compensation is less than $11,000. *2. Education*-level of education/degrees earned *3. Occupation* *4. Wealth*-(net worth - a person's assets minus liabilities) 20% of all families in the US have a negative or zero net worth. Wealth provides comfort, security, and access to power. -ASSETS: house, car, property, stocks, boats, stuff. Things that are insurable. Investments. Any money in the bank. -LIABILITIES:house, car, property, stocks, boats, stuff. Things that are insurable. Investments. Any money in the bank. *5. Power*-People with most money and highest SES, can control policies that will benefit their interests. 90% of people with family incomes over $75,000/year vote, while only 50% of people with incomes less than $15,000/year do.

-Between 500,000 and 1.5 million children are homeless at some point during any given school year -Schools cannot deny enrollment to homeless students because they do not have enrollment paper work*McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act* -Children may continue to attend school of origin or school in temporary location -Timely transfer of student records -Must be offered same services as other students, i.e., transportation, special education -Mandates professional training for school personnel -States must gather demographic data on homeless children

-people aren't always in poverty because they want to be. teenage pregnancy is a good example of this. you may have to drop out of school to take care of the baby if you are poor. -Poverty is most likely to affect the young, persons of color, women, people in low paying jobs, and people who are illiterate. -Children are more likely to be affected*People in poverty:* 1. Less likely to have a high school diploma 2. Experience more unemployment 3. Historically groups who have had less access to employment opportunities and higher education 4. More likely to be women or single mothers 5. A variety of ethnic groups 7% of Asians 8% of Whites 21% of Hispanics 23% of African Americans

-they get all food from convenient stores.. where milk and food are more expensive! -they pay more with time: waiting for the bus and around that schedule. waiting at the laundry mat. they would rather pay a fee to get a check cashed, instead of just opening a checking account ($240/yr just to cash a check).-*work works for some people, but not for others*- people give up because of transportation issues. *the american myth*- all about personal responsibility..it's your fault if your life isn't how you want it to be. *the american anti-myth*-all social responsibility. society is responsible for a person's poverty. -when you're poor, you have a higher penalty when you make mistakes. ex: if you were to get pregnant, family can help, but not if you're poor. -it's more emotionally difficult to be living in poverty in the US than other people.

-basically, there are 2 park avenues in new york and they're completely different: one houses the riches people. one houses the poorest people. these people rarely make it out of poverty. -used a game of monopoly, it was unfair..one person starts out with so much more money than the other, and gets to use both di. they have different circumstances. -the people at the top of the companies and corporations don't even look at the people who are actually working at the bottom.

-parents are really involved in your life growing up -activities (sports, music, museums, etc) -kids as equals (teach you to express what you're thinking, vocab, negotiating skills, sense of entitlement) -middle/upper class families are the ones where parents reading/talking to you. -\"the rules of the game\" (raising your hand at school when you have a question. just knowing how the school operates) -\"you have soccer on wednesday, basketball on tuesday, a game on saturday\" STRUCTURED

-kids are left on their own to figure things out. lots of unsupervised free time and play. -nothing really structured. (dinner's at 6, see you then) -more extended family. -lower class. -garners. -more authoritarian parents, more focused on discipline.

-an approach to education that values diversity and encourages critical thinking, reflection, and action. -It helps to expose and demystify/demythologize some of the truths that we take for granted and to analyze them critically and carefully.

-culture is a blueprint (if someone sticks their hand out, you will shake it) -it is accepted and patterned ways for people to live together -allows us to predict how others will behave in a certain situation -within each cultures are *individuals* who are unique expressions of many cultures and subcultures -culture is LEARNED, ADAPTIVE, DYNAMIC, SHARED (lads) -food, language, customs, traditions, religion, clothing, music, values, sports, leaders. -culture influences what and how we learn -greater experiences in dominate culture=greater success within that culture.

*enculturation*: the process of acquiring the characteristics of a given culture and becoming competent in its language and ways of behaving and knowing *socialization*: the general process of *learning* the social norms of a culture (what is expected in social roles, such as mother, husband, student) really getting into that culture

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-implementation: teachers may not have time/knowledge to each about each culture -Paradox that \"american culture\" is multicultural, by trying to include everyone (and not make a \"bad guy\" you water down history, lose ties with ancestry -reality is that white culture is dominant and everyone else gets a \"small piece of the pie\"

-implies that students are not American and that they can only belong to culture of their ancestors -inflates racial pride (promotes racial segregation) increase racial tension. -no place for mixed students -Bias: who gets credit for what in history? -everyone ends up as a victim or an oppressor -distracts from real student needs -problems with implementation of tests, materials, curriculum, teachers. meaning, books are expensive.

People who are hourly wage earners aren't going to take time to go vote, they also probably have to take public transportation.

-basically, no one cares about education because they're just gonna work in a store or fast food industry. -*JEREMY*. 19 yr old works in the mines. gf got pregnant. stomach problems. wants to be successful. bought a 3 bedroom house. -*SHAWN GRIMM*-football player who moved away from the mountains/his family. graduates! pikeville college to play football. his step brother had sex with little sister (who gave her pills in exchange for sex) Incest. Shawn but he has trouble fitting in and struggles in football and school. he has to go home because he doesn't have any money for school. -*ERICA*. 12 year old girl who's mom finally got taken away -*COURTNEY and ANGEL.*11/12 year old daughters who's mom was going to school and lost teeth and wants to turn around. the mom got her GED and a house. -the owner of the mines has a huge house and went to college and wants to show people that he is safe and invested in the mines. to give people hope.

income, wealth, education

1. Antiracist education 2.Basic education 3. Important for all students 4. Pervasive - its in all subjects not just your \"multicultural\" class 5. Education for social justice - teaching social justice, not just equality 6. A process - it can't all be learned in one grade for example, it a building process 7. Critical pedagogy

1. individualism: industrious, ambitious, competitive, self-reliant, independent 2. freedom: negative freedom, right to be left alone, no interference