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unsystematic observations may lead to faulty conclusions

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One aspect of making observations and drawing inferences from those observations is that

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practices that have little scientific merit because they are based on unsystematic observation

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The grade retention policies of many schools are examples of

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simultaneous manipulation

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Strengths of the scientific method include all of the following except

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fairly narrow scope

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A characteristic of scientific research in educational psychology is that it has a

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scientists differ in the way they interpret data

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After Mateo, a student in your class, reads a series of scientific articles discussing the value of multiple vitamin supplements in preventing heart disease, he approaches you and remarks, "I'm confused. If all of these scientists are studying the same issue and they are all using the scientific method, why aren't they all coming to the same conclusions?" Your response should emphasize that

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use this information to revise or refine existing ideas

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As scientific data accumulates that runs counter to currently accepted ways of thinking, it is best if scientists

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inspiring and exciting

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A teacher who views the discipline of teaching as both an art and a science is likely to be

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the president of a company who directs the activities of all of its divisions

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Being a teacher is somewhat analogous to being

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an unsystematic observation

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On Elizabeth's birthday she was given a lottery ticket. When the drawing was held the numbers drawn matched those on her ticket and she was given two hundred cookies. She immediately concluded that the best way to obtain cookies was to buy a lottery ticket. Her conclusion is a product of

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grade retention policies

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One example of how unsystematic observation may lead to poor educational policies or decisions is

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scientific method

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investigate the effectiveness of forehead bandages on the retention of information among high school seniors in his school district

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one to a few aspects of a problem

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Research in educational psychology usually focuses on

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sometimes construct different interpretations of what the data mean

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Educational psychologists who are familiar with research findings

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writing a novel

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The ongoing relationship between educational psychology research and practice is most like

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a series of interrelated stages of development, all of which have a critical period

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Erikson uses the epigenetic principle to hypothesize that personality development is related to

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the confrontation and resolution of various crises for better or worse

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According to Erikson, personality growth occurs in eight stages that are characterized by

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A parent encourages a child who is trying to learn new skills, while at the same time providing support and supervision for her

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Which of the following most clearly describes a form of parental behavior that would lead to desirable child development during the psychosocial stage Erikson described for two- and three-year-olds?

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giving them the freedom to explore and taking the time to answer questions

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According to Erikson, teachers can help students between the ages of four and five develop in a healthy fashion by

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placing completed assignments in each student's Successful Work folder

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Which of the following classroom practices would be most appropriate for children at Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority?

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view himself as having a meaningful role in life

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According to Erikson, if Robert has successfully resolved the psychosocial crisis of adolescence, he is now able to

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role confusion

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Seventeen-year-old Sarah has always enjoyed science, particularly biology and chemistry. She dreams of enrolling in pre-veterinary medicine in college. Her mother is a housewife who never had any vocational ambitions, and her father has always felt that women should focus on teaching or nursing careers. Since her parents don't encourage her in the field of veterinary medicine, Sarah eventually becomes ambivalent about her college plans and finally enrolls at a teacher's college. Sarah's situation is an example of

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crisis and commitment

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James Marcia proposes the existence of four identity status categories by assessing the presence or absence of

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be suffering an identity crisis

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According to Marcia's identity status theory, moratorium types are more likely than other types to

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organize the elements of our world

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Piaget would probably view the development of a system of classification of animals and plants as evidence of our need to

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An organized pattern of behavior or thought

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Which of the following best describes Piaget's concept of a scheme?

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assimilation

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A four-year-old child sees an adult dwarf walking down the street and exclaims, "Look at that little boy!" This child, who has no previous reference point for dwarfs, is engaging in which process?

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reorganize his scheme of animal systems

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A student is told by his science teacher that toads are not reptiles, as the student had originally thought. The student checks an animal taxonomy (classification) book out of the library in order to determine exactly what toads are, if not reptiles. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this student is attempting to

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there is a focus on mastery of symbols, such as words

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According to Piaget, all but which of the following are characteristic of children in preschool and the primary grades (i.e., between the ages of two and seven)?

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seriation

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According to Piaget, which of the following is not an impediment to logical thought in the preoperational stage?

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able to understand that hummingbirds and ducks are both birds

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A child who is concrete-operational is

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write an adventure story in which they play the role of the main character

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As an example of mastery of formal operations, a teacher might ask students to

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inability to take another's point of view

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Which of the following is not characteristic of adolescent egocentrism?

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provide opportunities for the student to discuss the topic with her peers

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If a teacher follows the suggestions given by Piaget, the best way to enhance a student's understanding of some historical event will be to

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can be taught to children entering the preoperational stage, given the proper concrete instructional materials

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According to two recent reviews of the literature on the development of cognition, one might expect that the principle of conservation

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he underestimated children's cognitive abilities because the tasks he used were often too difficult for them to solve

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A frequent criticism of Piaget's work on the development of cognition in young children is that

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he probably overestimated the extent to which most adolescents are mature formal operators

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Contrary to the findings of Piaget, several researchers have concluded that

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while the sequence of stages appears to be culturally universal, the rate of development may vary cross-culturally

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Ms. Fortunato, a secondary school teacher in the United States, is interested in how Piaget's findings might apply to children in preindustrial countries. Recent evidence suggests that

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Vygotsky

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"Typically, then, parents and schools will shape children's thought processes to reflect that which the culture values." To which cognitive development theorist does the previous statement best apply?

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children benefit greatly from information handed down to them by those who are more cognitively advanced.

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According to Vygotsky,

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through systematic instruction in school

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Vygotsky believed that psychological tools are best learned

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that we learn best when instruction is pitched just above the lower limit of our zone of proximal development

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Vygotsky's research on the cognitive development of children indicates

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I didn't cheat because my mother would spank me if she found out.

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preconventional morality as described by Kohlberg

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concern about what others might think

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A student who is at the stage of conventional morality (as described by Kohlberg) makes moral decisions on the basis of

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because it suggests that children play an active role in their own development

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Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory is useful for teachers

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epigenetic principle

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The idea that personality development follows a predictable pattern with identifiable benchmarks best reflects the

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second stage of psychosocial development

answer

Human beings are naturally curious and want to learn about the world around them. Likewise, they need to feel secure in knowing that they can freely explore the world without fear of embarrassment or self-doubt. These statements most closely reflect Erikson's

question

initiative versus guilt

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You have decided that the students in your kindergarten class will no longer be allowed to participate in unstructured play or imagination activities. These types of activities, in your opinion, are a waste of learning time and have no place in a solid curriculum. Your thoughts largely ignore the need to resolve which of the following psychosocial crises?

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is at risk for developing feelings of inferiority.

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Rhonda, a sixth grader, loves to work in her father's wood shop crafting items that she designs. Often, however, when she approaches her father about letting her work with him, he dismisses her requests and tells her that she should "help your mother in the kitchen and stay out of my way." According to Erikson, Rhonda

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role confusion

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Brian is an only child whose father is a president of a large corporation, while his mother is a lawyer at a busy law firm. Brian has always enjoyed the company of other children partly, he believes, because he wasn't around children much except at school. He is particularly intrigued with young children's development and is thinking of majoring in early-childhood education in college. His parents are not happy with Brian's decision, and his father puts a great deal of pressure on him to major in business or pre-law. Brian isn't sure what to do. His situation is an example of

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feeling free to postpone decisions about a career

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Which of the following is not one of the components of identity as defined by Erikson?

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career goals, religious beliefs, and sexual attitudes

answer

In an attempt to scientifically validate Erikson's notions about identity, Marcia interviewed youths about their

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avoid thinking about a career

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According to Marcia's identity status categories, an identity-diffusion type would

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identity achievement

answer

According to Marcia, what identity status is usually the last to emerge developmentally?

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an accurate description of identity formation in certain societies

answer

Erikson's theory holds that adolescents create an identity for themselves by actively exploring alternative beliefs, career options, and interpersonal relationships, and then making a choice. This contention appears to be

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adapt

answer

Based on what he has seen at the circus, Larry came to believe that all elephants were docile. Recently, on his first African safari, he approached an elephant with the intention of petting it. Sensing Larry's presence, the elephant wheeled around and proceeded to charge. Larry must now adjust his elephant behavior scheme. According to Piaget, Larry must

question

accommodation

answer

Stella, who has always believed that wolves stalk and kill human beings, learns that they are actually quite wary of humans and rarely attack them. Consequently, she joins an environmental group that is dedicated to reintroducing wolves to areas where they once lived. This behavior is a reflection of

question

exploring their own bodies and senses

answer

Infants between birth and age two acquire an understanding of the world around them by

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A child acts as if something said by another student simply does not register

answer

Which of the following illustrates Piaget's concept of egocentric behavior most clearly?

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They are probably unable to imagine what it might be like to run one hundred miles per hour

answer

Which of the following is true of most children in the stage of concrete operations?

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They are probably unable to imagine what it might be like to run one hundred miles per hour.

answer

Which of the following is true of most children in the stage of concrete operations?

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good-quality instruction can enhance schema development

answer

As part of an ongoing debate about cognitive development and the role of instruction, two recent reviews on the subject have concluded that

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most college freshmen are unable to recognize the symbolism in a modern short story

answer

According to research summarized by Kamii (1984) and original research conducted by Epstein (1980) on Piaget's work, we can probably infer that

question

the acquisition of scientific concepts

answer

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development suggests that teachers should emphasize

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The teacher demonstrates and explains how to solve quadratic equations.

answer

Which of the following best reflects the concept of scaffolding?

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cognitive conflict and disequilibration

answer

Computer conferencing, videoconferencing, and real-time chatting provide students with opportunities to debate controversial issues with peers having different perspectives. According to Piaget, these students will most likely experience which one of the following?

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Vygotsky's notion of scaffolding.

answer

Using computers in the classroom to simulate expert peers or collaborative partners to enhance learning supports

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holds that behavior is right or wrong

answer

Piaget's work in moral development suggests that the typical six-year-old

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conventional

answer

Sally loves to shoplift. Though she doesn't need any of the items she steals, she enjoys the rush of the heist and has not been able to curb her appetite for theft. She is embarrassed by her problem and decides to enroll in a "Thieves Anonymous" program. Sally's decision to enter the program has probably been motivated by what type of thought?

question

understands that people's behavior is a reflection of their beliefs about the world

answer

A four- or five-year-old child who has begun to develop a theory of mind

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lower elementary

answer

At what grade level do most children first begin to realize that learning and recall are governed by cognitive processes that one can control?

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dress like their friends

answer

By fifth and sixth grades, children are often likely to

question

care very little about schoolwork

answer

Juvenile delinquents are most likely to exhibit which of the following characteristics?

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someone's personality influenced

answer

Which of the following concepts would an elementary student most likely have difficulty comprehending?

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looks more like an adult

answer

The early-maturing male middle school student is likely to draw favorable responses from adults because he

question

late maturing females

answer

On the basis of research summarized in the text, which of the following groups is most likely to be popular and carefree during adolescence but experience difficulties in adulthood?

question

average

answer

An eleven-year-old girl who appears to be going through puberty is

question

difficult for adolescents

answer

The discussion of such issues as sexuality, abortion, and the role of prayer in school is

question

giving the adolescent increased responsibility for making decisions about how the classroom will operate

answer

Owing to the psychological changes experienced by adolescents, which of the following would improve learning in a middle school environment?

question

postpubescent Latina

answer

A high school student who is exhibiting signs of being depressed is most likely to be a

question

in a lack of interest in one or more academic subjects

answer

The concepts of negative set and a sense of loss may be related to all of the following except

question

Middle school students would be more inclined than elementary school students to wonder why people break rules.

answer

On the basis of research on students' political thinking during adolescence, which of the following might you expect to occur if you asked secondary school students to set up a class court?

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