Dog : Mammary cancer, Lipomas – Flashcards
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Dog : Mammary Cancer
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General information
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Other common / scientific names : mammary tumor, breast cancer
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Mammary cancer is the second most frequent type of cancer in dogs.
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Skin cancer is the most common. ..(5)
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Mammary cancer most commonly affects females but on rare occasions, male dog can be afflicted.
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Approximately 50% of the these tumors are benign and 50% are malignant.
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Spread of malignant mammary tumors is primarily to lymph nodes and lungs, however it can also spread to bone.
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A female dog normally has five mammary glands on both sides of the abdomen, commonly referred to as the left and right mammary chains.
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Each gland has its own nipple. ..(10)
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Lymph nodes, which drain cells from the glands, are located at each end of the mammary chain.
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The first, second and third glands drain forward to the axillary lymph node.
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The fourth and fifth glands drain back toward the inguinal lymph node.
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Mammary cancer commonly affects the fourth and fifth glands.
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Causes
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Since mammary cancer is virtually nonexistent in dogs which are spayed before their first heat, the female hormones are thought to play and important role in the development of mammary tumors
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Dogs spayed after their first heat have an 8% chance of developing mammary tumors while dogs spayed after their second heat increase their risk to 25%.
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Cardinal symptom
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Swelling of a mammary gland
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..........paragraph 5
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Symptoms
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Mammary tumors can be either single or multiple.
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They can be smooth, small and slow growing or they can be large, aggressive tumors which invade the skin and underlying tissue causing ulceration, infection and bleeding.
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Diagnosis
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Diagnosis of mammary cancer is by physical examination.
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While most benign tumors are smooth, small and slow growing, it is very difficult to identify the type of tumor based on physical inspection. ................................................(25)
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All mammary tumors should be regarded as potentially malignant until identified.
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A biopsy or tumor removal and analysis is needed to determine if the cancer is benign or malignant.
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The lymph nodes in the axillary area and inguinal area should be examined for enlargement.
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Radiographs should be taken of the chest to check for any spread of the cancer.
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Treatment
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Surgical removal of the tumors is recommended unless the dog is unable to undergo anesthesia.
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The amount of tissue excised will depend on the tumor and the individual dog.
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Many times, the entire mammary chain and lymph nodes will need to be removed.
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If both sides of the mammary glands are affected, one chain is removed and allowed to heal.
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Four to six weeks later, the other chain is removed. ................................................(35)
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A sample of the tumor should be submitted to a laboratory for identification of the cells.
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If a malignant type of cancer is diagnosed or the cancer has spread, chemotherapy and / or radiation may be needed.
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Since the growth of some tumors are controlled by hormones, some veterinarians recommend spaying the intact female.
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Research to support this reasoning is controversial.
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............paragraph 9
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It is very important that the female does not scratch, lick or pull at her sutures.
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If the entire chain is removed, the dog will have a large incision to heal.
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It is imperative that the dog owner be educated regarding wound healing and understand the importance of not allowing the dog access to the sutures.
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A second surgery can be necessary if the dog removes the sutures too soon.
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A special collar is worn by the dog to prevent this. ............................................(45)
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While this collar may seem uncomfortable, most dogs tolerate it well.
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It may need to be removed to allow the dog to eat.
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Another option is placing a body suit on the dog which is specifically made to cover and protect the incision.
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Alternatively, some dogs benefit from wearing a tee shirt to achieve this purpose.
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Prognosis
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If mammary cancer is diagnosed early and complete excision is achieved, the prognosis is good for survival.
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Tumors larger than 1.5 inches have a worse prognosis.
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Malignant tumors which have spread to the lymph nodes, lungs or bone carry a grave prognosis.
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Many owners associate surgical removal of canine mammary glands with breast removal in women.
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With the canine surgery, only the mammary tissue and possibly lymph nodes are removed. ................................................(55)
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Unlike human surgery, no muscle is removed and recovery is quicker and less painful than with women.
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Prevention
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Spaying female dogs before their first heat cycle prevents mammary cancer.
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Update version: 9/30/2009, © Copyright by www.enpevet.de
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Dog : Lipomas
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General information
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Other common / scientific names : fatty tumors
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Lipomas are one of the most commonly encountered lumps found by veterinarians.
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A lipoma is a growth or mass of fatty tissue located under the skin in the subcutaneous area. ..............................................(65)
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They are usually benign and rarely cause pain or hair loss.
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Lipomas tend to occur in middle aged, overweight dogs but can be seen in younger dogs.
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Causes
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An exact cause of lipomas is not known, but they are seen more frequently in overweight dogs.
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Cardinal symptom
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Soft mass
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Symptoms
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Benign or simple lipomas are usually detected just under the skin on the chest, abdomen, axillary and inguinal areas.
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They are soft, round and moveable masses of varying size.
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Benign lipomas grow slowly and do not invade the underlying tissue. ...............................................(75)
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Occasionally, a benign lipoma will grown into a large fat deposit and interfere with a dog's movement.
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Infrequently, lipomas will invade connective tissue or muscle tissue causing pain, lameness and muscle atrophy from pressure.
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These lipomas are classified as infiltrative lipomas and can recur after removal.
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Diagnosis
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A thin needle is used to obtain a fine needle aspirate (FNA) from the suspected lipoma. ..............................................(80)
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This sample is examined under the microscope.
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A diagnosis can be made if the sample appears oily and glistening and contains no abnormal cells.
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However, because a FNA cannot differentiate between a benign lipoma and an infiltrative lipoma, any mass that is suspicious of cancer or causes pain and discomfort should be biopsied and examined by a pathologist.
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Treatment
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Surgical removal of benign lipomas is curative. ............................................... (85)
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However, small lipomas that are not causing any clinical signs can be left untreated but observed periodically for growth.
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Excision of a lipoma may be postponed until anesthesia is required for another procedure.
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On the other hand, if the lipoma is interfering with movement, causing pain or is rapidly growing in size, surgery to remove the mass is recommended sooner.
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Infiltrative lipomas are also treated with surgery.
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Unlike benign lipomas, complete removal of infiltrative lipomas can be difficult because the tumor edges are difficult to detect and they may invade normal connective and muscle tissue. .............................................(90)
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Radiation therapy has been used in conjunction with surgery to treat these types of lipomas to prevent recurrence.
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Prognosis
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Prognosis is excellent for benign lipomas with or without treatment.
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Many dogs live long, healthy lives with lipomas.
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Although infiltrative lipomas will recur if not completely excised, they are not considered malignant or life-threatening. ................................................(95)
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Prevention
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While there is no known prevention of lipomas, maintaining a healthy weight may reduce their occurrence.
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Tips
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All lumps and bumps should be examined by a veterinarian.
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Update version: 9/30/2009, © Copyright by www.enpevet.de ..............................................(100)
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Reference
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Dog: Mastitis
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General information
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Other common/scientific names: infection of the mammary glands
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A female dog normally has five mammary glands on both sides of the abdomen, commonly referred to as the mammary chain.
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Each gland has its own nipple.
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Mastitis is defined as inflammation of the mammary glands.
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Causes
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Mastitis in dogs is usually caused by a bacterial infection.
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The bacteria E. coli, Staphylococcus spp and Streptococcus spp are commonly implicated.
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Infection
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Inflammation and resulting infection of the mammary tissue can occur from unsanitary conditions, trauma from nursing puppies, trauma from a false pregnancy and/or an ascending infection through the nipple.
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Cardinal symptom
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Swollen mammary glands
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Symptoms
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One or more mammary glands are swollen, painful and red.
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The glands may be ulcerated and become abscessed.
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The milk may be discolored.
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Dogs with systemic illness may develop a fever, decreased appetite, listlessness and vomiting.
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Puppies may become weak, cry excessively and die.
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